# bibtab

bibtype: proceedings
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Kelly:2004:RMP
editor: Cynthia C. Kelly
booktitle: Remembering the Manhattan Project: Perspectives on the Making of the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy
title: Remembering the Manhattan Project: Perspectives on the Making of the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy
publisher: pub-WORLD-SCI
address: pub-WORLD-SCI:adr
pages: xi + 188
year: 2004
ISBN: 981-256-040-8 OR 9812560408
ISBN13: 978-981-256-040-7 OR 9789812560407
LCCN: QC773.A1 R46 2004
bibdate: Thu Dec 22 08:45:44 MST 2005
bibtimestamp: 2005.12.22 08:45:44 MST
subject: Atomic bomb; United States; History
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawbooktitle: Remembering the {Manhattan Project}: Perspectives on the Making of the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy
raweditor: Cynthia C. Kelly
rawtitle: Remembering the {Manhattan Project}: Perspectives on the Making of the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy
bibsource:
https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/peierls-rudolf.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib; melvyl.cdlib.org:210/CDL90

remark:
Symposium held Saturday, April 27, 2002, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA. Part I. A report on the proceedings of the Atomic Heritage Foundation's Symposium on the Manhattan Project. Part II. A plan for preserving the Manhattan Project.

TOC:
Part I: A report on the proceedings 1: A History Worth Preserving / 3 Opening remarks / Senator Jeff Bingaman / 5 Opening remarks / Dr. Everet H. Beckner / 9 Preserving the history of the Manhattan project / Cynthia C. Kelly / 13 2: The Manhattan Project --- a Millennial Transformation / 15 The atomic bomb in the Second World War / Richard Rhodes / 17 The Manhattan project: an extraordinary achievement of the ``American way'' / Stephane Groueff / 31 3: The Allies and the Atomic Bomb / 39 A tale of two documents / Andrew Brown / 41 A footnote on Hiroshima and atomic morality: Conant, Niebuhr, and an ``emotional'' clergyman, 1945--46 / James G. Hershberg / 47 A Los Alamos beginning / Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin / 53 4: The Military and Science in the Crucible of War / 61 General Leslie R. Groves and the scientists / Robert S. Norris / 63 Science in the service of the state: the cautionary tale of Robert Oppenheimer / Gregg Herken / 69 Leo Szilard: baiting brass hats / William Lanouette / 73--77 5: Speaking from Experience / 79 SEDs at Los Alamos: a personal memoir / Benjamin Bederson / 81 Some experiences at the Met: lab and what could be learned from a highly successful and challenging project / Jerome Karle / 89 My first professional assignment / Isabella Karle / 93 Triumph and tragedy: the odyssey of J. R. Oppenheimer --- a personal perspective / Maurice M. Shapiro / 97 6: Lessons of the Manhattan Project for the 2l5t Century / 101 Then and now / Maxine Singer / 103 The Manhattan project: qualitative or quantitative change? / Stephen Younger / 107 Expertise and independence: the role of the science advisor / Richard L. Garwin / 111 The future of nuclear deterrence / Richard Rhodes / 117 7: Closing Reflections / 121 Reflections on the Manhattan Project: consequences and repercussions / Dr. James Schlesinger / 123 Appendix A: Program / 131 Appendix B: Participants / 135 Part II: A plan for preserving the Manhattan project / 141 Preserving America: a strategy for the Manhattan project / 141 Evaluation of the Manhattan Project Properties / 143 Basis for Recommendations / 147 Cross-cutting recommendations / 148 1. Special Resource Study for National Park Units / 148 2. Oral Histories of Manhattan Project Veterans / 149 3. Preservation and Storage of Equipment, Artifacts and Documents / 149 Preservation strategies for the Manhattan project: two options / 150 The Essential Manhattan Project (Option A) / 151 Oak Ridge: Isotope Separation and Reactor Operations / 151 Hanford: Plutonium Production / 153 Los Alamos: Designing, Building and Testing the Bomb / 155 The Trinity Site / 156 The Enriched Manhattan Project (Option B) / 156 Oak Ridge / 157 Hanford / 157 Los Alamos / 158 Trinity Site / 158 University of Chicago / 159 University of California, Berkeley / 159 Columbia University / 159 Appendix A. Description of Manhattan Project properties / 161 1. Oak Ridge, Tennessee / 161 K-25 Footprint (Isotope Separation) / 161 Roosevelt Cell (Isotope Separation) / 162 K-29 as Described in the O. R. White Paper (Isotope Separation) / 162 Beta 3 Electromagnetic Separation Racetracks at Y-12 (Isotope Separation) / 162 Building 9731, Known as the Y-12 Pilot Plant (Isotope Separation and Research) / 163 X-10 Graphite Reactor (Reactor Operations) / 163 American Museum of Science and Energy / 164 2. Hanford, Washington / 164 B Reactor (Fuel Irradiation) / 164 T Plant (Chemical Separation) / 166 T Plant Exhaust Stack (Chemical Separation) / 167 Process Control Laboratory (Chemical Separation) / 167 Concentration Building (Chemical Separation) / 167 Plutonium Isolation Building (Chemical Separation) / 168 Test Pile/Hot Cell Verification Building (Research and Development) / 168 Separations Laboratory (Research and Development) / 168 Radiochemistry Laboratory (Research and Development) / 168 Fresh Metal Storage Building (Fuel Manufacturing) / 169 Metallurgical Engineering Laboratory (Fuel Manufacturing) 169 / Metal Fuels Fabrication Facility (Fuel Manufacturing) 169 / River Pump House (Fuel Irradiation) 169 / Lag Storage Building (Fuel Irradiation) 170 / Plutonium Vaults (Product Storage) 170 / 3. Los Alamos, New Mexico 170 / ``Gun Site'' (Weapons Research and Development) / 171 / ``V Site'' (Weapons Research and Development) / 171 / Concrete Bowl (Weapons Research and Development) / 172 / Louis Slatin Accident Building (Biomedical/Health Physics) / 172 / Quonset Hut TA-22-1 (Weapons Research and Development) / 172 / East Guard Tower (Security) / 173 / Pond Cabin (Administrative and Social History) / 173 / Trinity Test Site (Weapons Research and Development) / 173 / Feature Article: The Frisch--Peierls Memorandum / 175 / Memorandum on the Properties of a Radioactive Super-bomb / Otto R. Frisch and Rudolf Peierls / 177--180 Index / 181

rawTOC:
Part I: A report on the proceedings \\ 1: A History Worth Preserving / 3 \\ Opening remarks / Senator Jeff Bingaman / 5 \\ Opening remarks / Dr. Everet H. Beckner / 9 \\ Preserving the history of the Manhattan project / Cynthia C. Kelly / 13 \\ 2: The Manhattan Project --- a Millennial Transformation / 15 \\ The atomic bomb in the Second World War / Richard Rhodes / 17 \\ The Manhattan project: an extraordinary achievement of the ``American way'' / Stephane Groueff / 31 \\ 3: The Allies and the Atomic Bomb / 39 \\ A tale of two documents / Andrew Brown / 41 \\ A footnote on Hiroshima and atomic morality: Conant, Niebuhr, and an ``emotional'' clergyman, 1945--46 / James G. Hershberg / 47 \\ A Los Alamos beginning / Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin / 53 \\ 4: The Military and Science in the Crucible of War / 61 \\ General Leslie R. Groves and the scientists / Robert S. Norris / 63 \\ Science in the service of the state: the cautionary tale of Robert Oppenheimer / Gregg Herken / 69 \\ Leo Szilard: baiting brass hats / William Lanouette / 73--77 \\ 5: Speaking from Experience / 79 \\ SEDs at Los Alamos: a personal memoir / Benjamin Bederson / 81 \\ Some experiences at the Met: lab and what could be learned from a highly successful and challenging project / Jerome Karle / 89 \\ My first professional assignment / Isabella Karle / 93 \\ Triumph and tragedy: the odyssey of J. R. Oppenheimer --- a personal perspective / Maurice M. Shapiro / 97 \\ 6: Lessons of the Manhattan Project for the 2l5t Century / 101 \\ Then and now / Maxine Singer / 103 \\ The Manhattan project: qualitative or quantitative change? / Stephen Younger / 107 \\ Expertise and independence: the role of the science advisor / Richard L. Garwin / 111 \\ The future of nuclear deterrence / Richard Rhodes / 117 \\ 7: Closing Reflections / 121 \\ Reflections on the Manhattan Project: consequences and repercussions / Dr. James Schlesinger / 123 \\ Appendix A: Program / 131 \\ Appendix B: Participants / 135 \\ Part II: A plan for preserving the Manhattan project / 141 \\ Preserving America: a strategy for the Manhattan project / 141 \\ Evaluation of the Manhattan Project Properties / 143 \ Basis for Recommendations / 147 \\ Cross-cutting recommendations / 148 \\ 1. Special Resource Study for National Park Units / 148 \\ 2. Oral Histories of Manhattan Project Veterans / 149 \\ 3. Preservation and Storage of Equipment, Artifacts and Documents / 149 \\ Preservation strategies for the Manhattan project: two options / 150 \\ The Essential Manhattan Project (Option A) / 151 \\ Oak Ridge: Isotope Separation and Reactor Operations / 151 \\ Hanford: Plutonium Production / 153 \\ Los Alamos: Designing, Building and Testing the Bomb / 155 \\ The Trinity Site / 156 \\ The Enriched Manhattan Project (Option B) / 156 \\ Oak Ridge / 157 \\ Hanford / 157 \\ Los Alamos / 158 \\ Trinity Site / 158 \\ University of Chicago / 159 \\ University of California, Berkeley / 159 \\ Columbia University / 159 \\ Appendix A. Description of Manhattan Project properties / 161 \\ 1. Oak Ridge, Tennessee / 161 \\ K-25 Footprint (Isotope Separation) / 161 \\ Roosevelt Cell (Isotope Separation) / 162 \\ K-29 as Described in the O. R. White Paper (Isotope Separation) / 162 \\ Beta 3 Electromagnetic Separation Racetracks at Y-12 (Isotope Separation) / 162 \\ Building 9731, Known as the Y-12 Pilot Plant (Isotope Separation and Research) / 163 \\ X-10 Graphite Reactor (Reactor Operations) / 163 \\ American Museum of Science and Energy / 164 \\ 2. Hanford, Washington / 164 \\ B Reactor (Fuel Irradiation) / 164 \\ T Plant (Chemical Separation) / 166 \\ T Plant Exhaust Stack (Chemical Separation) / 167 \\ Process Control Laboratory (Chemical Separation) / 167 \\ Concentration Building (Chemical Separation) / 167 \\ Plutonium Isolation Building (Chemical Separation) / 168 \\ Test Pile/Hot Cell Verification Building (Research and Development) / 168 \\ Separations Laboratory (Research and Development) / 168 \\ Radiochemistry Laboratory (Research and Development) / 168 \\ Fresh Metal Storage Building (Fuel Manufacturing) / 169 \\ Metallurgical Engineering Laboratory (Fuel Manufacturing) 169 / \\ Metal Fuels Fabrication Facility (Fuel Manufacturing) 169 / \\ River Pump House (Fuel Irradiation) 169 / \\ Lag Storage Building (Fuel Irradiation) 170 / \\ Plutonium Vaults (Product Storage) 170 / \\ 3. Los Alamos, New Mexico 170 / \\ ``Gun Site'' (Weapons Research and Development) / 171 / \\ ``V Site'' (Weapons Research and Development) / 171 / \\ Concrete Bowl (Weapons Research and Development) / 172 / \\ Louis Slatin Accident Building (Biomedical/Health Physics) / 172 / \\ Quonset Hut TA-22-1 (Weapons Research and Development) / 172 / \\ East Guard Tower (Security) / 173 / \\ Pond Cabin (Administrative and Social History) / 173 / \\ Trinity Test Site (Weapons Research and Development) / 173 / \\ Feature Article: The Frisch--Peierls Memorandum / 175 / \\ Memorandum on the Properties of a Radioactive Super-bomb / Otto R. Frisch and Rudolf Peierls / 177--180 \\ Index / 181

entry:
@Proceedings{Kelly:2004:RMP,
  editor =       "Cynthia C. Kelly",
  booktitle =    "Remembering the {Manhattan Project}: Perspectives on
                 the Making of the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy",
  title =        "Remembering the {Manhattan Project}: Perspectives on
                 the Making of the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy",
  publisher =    pub-WORLD-SCI,
  address =      pub-WORLD-SCI:adr,
  pages =        "xi + 188",
  year =         "2004",
  ISBN =         "981-256-040-8",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-981-256-040-7",
  LCCN =         "QC773.A1 R46 2004",
  bibdate =      "Thu Dec 22 08:45:44 MST 2005",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/peierls-rudolf.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib;
                 melvyl.cdlib.org:210/CDL90",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "Symposium held Saturday, April 27, 2002, Carnegie
                 Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA. Part I.
                 A report on the proceedings of the Atomic Heritage
                 Foundation's Symposium on the Manhattan Project. Part
                 II. A plan for preserving the Manhattan Project.",
  subject =      "Atomic bomb; United States; History",
  tableofcontents = "Part I: A report on the proceedings \\
                 1: A History Worth Preserving / 3 \\
                 Opening remarks / Senator Jeff Bingaman / 5 \\
                 Opening remarks / Dr. Everet H. Beckner / 9 \\
                 Preserving the history of the Manhattan project /
                 Cynthia C. Kelly / 13 \\
                 2: The Manhattan Project --- a Millennial
                 Transformation / 15 \\
                 The atomic bomb in the Second World War / Richard
                 Rhodes / 17 \\
                 The Manhattan project: an extraordinary achievement of
                 the ``American way'' / Stephane Groueff / 31 \\
                 3: The Allies and the Atomic Bomb / 39 \\
                 A tale of two documents / Andrew Brown / 41 \\
                 A footnote on Hiroshima and atomic morality: Conant,
                 Niebuhr, and an ``emotional'' clergyman, 1945--46 /
                 James G. Hershberg / 47 \\
                 A Los Alamos beginning / Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin /
                 53 \\
                 4: The Military and Science in the Crucible of War / 61
                 \\
                 General Leslie R. Groves and the scientists / Robert S.
                 Norris / 63 \\
                 Science in the service of the state: the cautionary
                 tale of Robert Oppenheimer / Gregg Herken / 69 \\
                 Leo Szilard: baiting brass hats / William Lanouette /
                 73--77 \\
                 5: Speaking from Experience / 79 \\
                 SEDs at Los Alamos: a personal memoir / Benjamin
                 Bederson / 81 \\
                 Some experiences at the Met: lab and what could be
                 learned from a highly successful and challenging
                 project / Jerome Karle / 89 \\
                 My first professional assignment / Isabella Karle / 93
                 \\
                 Triumph and tragedy: the odyssey of J. R. Oppenheimer
                 --- a personal perspective / Maurice M. Shapiro / 97
                 \\
                 6: Lessons of the Manhattan Project for the 2l5t
                 Century / 101 \\
                 Then and now / Maxine Singer / 103 \\
                 The Manhattan project: qualitative or quantitative
                 change? / Stephen Younger / 107 \\
                 Expertise and independence: the role of the science
                 advisor / Richard L. Garwin / 111 \\
                 The future of nuclear deterrence / Richard Rhodes / 117
                 \\
                 7: Closing Reflections / 121 \\
                 Reflections on the Manhattan Project: consequences and
                 repercussions / Dr. James Schlesinger / 123 \\
                 Appendix A: Program / 131 \\
                 Appendix B: Participants / 135 \\
                 Part II: A plan for preserving the Manhattan project /
                 141 \\
                 Preserving America: a strategy for the Manhattan
                 project / 141 \\
                 Evaluation of the Manhattan Project Properties / 143 \
                 Basis for Recommendations / 147 \\
                 Cross-cutting recommendations / 148 \\
                 1. Special Resource Study for National Park Units / 148
                 \\
                 2. Oral Histories of Manhattan Project Veterans / 149
                 \\
                 3. Preservation and Storage of Equipment, Artifacts and
                 Documents / 149 \\
                 Preservation strategies for the Manhattan project: two
                 options / 150 \\
                 The Essential Manhattan Project (Option A) / 151 \\
                 Oak Ridge: Isotope Separation and Reactor Operations /
                 151 \\
                 Hanford: Plutonium Production / 153 \\
                 Los Alamos: Designing, Building and Testing the Bomb /
                 155 \\
                 The Trinity Site / 156 \\
                 The Enriched Manhattan Project (Option B) / 156 \\
                 Oak Ridge / 157 \\
                 Hanford / 157 \\
                 Los Alamos / 158 \\
                 Trinity Site / 158 \\
                 University of Chicago / 159 \\
                 University of California, Berkeley / 159 \\
                 Columbia University / 159 \\
                 Appendix A. Description of Manhattan Project properties
                 / 161 \\
                 1. Oak Ridge, Tennessee / 161 \\
                 K-25 Footprint (Isotope Separation) / 161 \\
                 Roosevelt Cell (Isotope Separation) / 162 \\
                 K-29 as Described in the O. R. White Paper (Isotope
                 Separation) / 162 \\
                 Beta 3 Electromagnetic Separation Racetracks at Y-12
                 (Isotope Separation) / 162 \\
                 Building 9731, Known as the Y-12 Pilot Plant (Isotope
                 Separation and Research) / 163 \\
                 X-10 Graphite Reactor (Reactor Operations) / 163 \\
                 American Museum of Science and Energy / 164 \\
                 2. Hanford, Washington / 164 \\
                 B Reactor (Fuel Irradiation) / 164 \\
                 T Plant (Chemical Separation) / 166 \\
                 T Plant Exhaust Stack (Chemical Separation) / 167 \\
                 Process Control Laboratory (Chemical Separation) / 167
                 \\
                 Concentration Building (Chemical Separation) / 167 \\
                 Plutonium Isolation Building (Chemical Separation) /
                 168 \\
                 Test Pile/Hot Cell Verification Building (Research and
                 Development) / 168 \\
                 Separations Laboratory (Research and Development) / 168
                 \\
                 Radiochemistry Laboratory (Research and Development) /
                 168 \\
                 Fresh Metal Storage Building (Fuel Manufacturing) / 169
                 \\
                 Metallurgical Engineering Laboratory (Fuel
                 Manufacturing) 169 / \\
                 Metal Fuels Fabrication Facility (Fuel Manufacturing)
                 169 / \\
                 River Pump House (Fuel Irradiation) 169 / \\
                 Lag Storage Building (Fuel Irradiation) 170 / \\
                 Plutonium Vaults (Product Storage) 170 / \\
                 3. Los Alamos, New Mexico 170 / \\
                 ``Gun Site'' (Weapons Research and Development) / 171 /
                 \\
                 ``V Site'' (Weapons Research and Development) / 171 /
                 \\
                 Concrete Bowl (Weapons Research and Development) / 172
                 / \\
                 Louis Slatin Accident Building (Biomedical/Health
                 Physics) / 172 / \\
                 Quonset Hut TA-22-1 (Weapons Research and Development)
                 / 172 / \\
                 East Guard Tower (Security) / 173 / \\
                 Pond Cabin (Administrative and Social History) / 173 /
                 \\
                 Trinity Test Site (Weapons Research and Development) /
                 173 / \\
                 Feature Article: The Frisch--Peierls Memorandum / 175 /
                 \\
                 Memorandum on the Properties of a Radioactive
                 Super-bomb / Otto R. Frisch and Rudolf Peierls /
                 177--180 \\
                 Index / 181",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Masters:2007:OWN
editor: Dexter Masters and Katharine Way
booktitle: One world or none: a report to the public on the full meaning of the atomic bomb
title: One world or none: a report to the public on the full meaning of the atomic bomb
publisher: New Press
address: New York, NY, USA
pages: xx + 220
year: 2007
ISBN: 1-59558-227-4 (hardcover) OR 1595582274 (hardcover)
ISBN13: 978-1-59558-227-0 (hardcover) OR 9781595582270 (hardcover)
LCCN: UG1282.A8 O54 2007
bibdate: Thu Sep 15 14:06:49 MDT 2011
bibtimestamp: 2011.09.15 14:06:49 MDT
note: Foreword by Niels Bohr. Introduction by Arthur H. Compton. Reprint of cite Masters:1946:OWN.
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawbooktitle: One world or none: a report to the public on the full meaning of the atomic bomb
raweditor: Dexter Masters and Katharine Way
rawnote: Foreword by Niels Bohr. Introduction by Arthur H. Compton. Reprint of \cite{Masters:1946:OWN}.
rawtitle: One world or none: a report to the public on the full meaning of the atomic bomb
bibsource:
https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bethe-hans.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/o/oppenheimer-j-robert.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wigner-eugene.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager

URL:
http://thenewpress.com/index.php?option=com_title&task=view_title&metaproductid=1703; http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007020838.htm

subject:
atomic bomb; nuclear energy; nuclear weapons; nuclear warfare; moral and ethical aspects; scientists' writings; security, international; forecasting

TOC:
If the bomb gets out of hand / Philip Morrison It's an old story with the stars / Harlow Shapley Roots of the atomic age / Eugene P. Wigner The new power / Gale Young The new weapon: the turn of the screw / J. R. Oppenheimer Air force in the atomic age / H. H. Arnold There is no defense / Louis N. Ridenour The new technique of private War / E. U. Condon How close is the danger? / Frederick Seitz and Hans Bethe An atomic arms race and its alternatives / Irving Langmuir How does it all add up? / Harold C. Urey Can we avert an arms race by an inspection system? / Leo Szilard International control of atomic energy / Walter Lippmann The way out / Albert Einstein Survival is at stake / The Federation of American (Atomic) Scientists

rawTOC:
If the bomb gets out of hand / Philip Morrison \\ It's an old story with the stars / Harlow Shapley \\ Roots of the atomic age / Eugene P. Wigner \\ The new power / Gale Young \\ The new weapon: the turn of the screw / J. R. Oppenheimer \\ Air force in the atomic age / H. H. Arnold \\ There is no defense / Louis N. Ridenour \\ The new technique of private War / E. U. Condon \\ How close is the danger? / Frederick Seitz and Hans Bethe \\ An atomic arms race and its alternatives / Irving Langmuir \\ How does it all add up? / Harold C. Urey \\ Can we avert an arms race by an inspection system? / Leo Szilard \\ International control of atomic energy / Walter Lippmann \\ The way out / Albert Einstein \\ Survival is at stake / The Federation of American (Atomic) Scientists

entry:
@Book{Masters:2007:OWN,
  editor =       "Dexter Masters and Katharine Way",
  booktitle =    "One world or none: a report to the public on the full
                 meaning of the atomic bomb",
  title =        "One world or none: a report to the public on the full
                 meaning of the atomic bomb",
  publisher =    "New Press",
  address =      "New York, NY, USA",
  pages =        "xx + 220",
  year =         "2007",
  ISBN =         "1-59558-227-4 (hardcover)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-59558-227-0 (hardcover)",
  LCCN =         "UG1282.A8 O54 2007",
  bibdate =      "Thu Sep 15 14:06:49 MDT 2011",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bethe-hans.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/o/oppenheimer-j-robert.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wigner-eugene.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  note =         "Foreword by Niels Bohr. Introduction by Arthur H.
                 Compton. Reprint of \cite{Masters:1946:OWN}.",
  URL =          "http://thenewpress.com/index.php?option=com_title&task=view_title&metaproductid=1703;
                 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007020838.htm",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "atomic bomb; nuclear energy; nuclear weapons; nuclear
                 warfare; moral and ethical aspects; scientists'
                 writings; security, international; forecasting",
  tableofcontents = "If the bomb gets out of hand / Philip Morrison \\
                 It's an old story with the stars / Harlow Shapley \\
                 Roots of the atomic age / Eugene P. Wigner \\
                 The new power / Gale Young \\
                 The new weapon: the turn of the screw / J. R.
                 Oppenheimer \\
                 Air force in the atomic age / H. H. Arnold \\
                 There is no defense / Louis N. Ridenour \\
                 The new technique of private War / E. U. Condon \\
                 How close is the danger? / Frederick Seitz and Hans
                 Bethe \\
                 An atomic arms race and its alternatives / Irving
                 Langmuir \\
                 How does it all add up? / Harold C. Urey \\
                 Can we avert an arms race by an inspection system? /
                 Leo Szilard \\
                 International control of atomic energy / Walter
                 Lippmann \\
                 The way out / Albert Einstein \\
                 Survival is at stake / The Federation of American
                 (Atomic) Scientists",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Scully:2007:DQP
author: Robert J. Scully
booktitle: The demon and the quantum: from the Pythagorean mystics to Maxwell's demon and quantum mystery
title: The demon and the quantum: from the Pythagorean mystics to Maxwell's demon and quantum mystery
publisher: Wiley-VCH
address: Weinheim, Germany
pages: viii + 271
year: 2007
ISBN: 3-527-40688-3 (paperback) OR 3527406883 (paperback)
ISBN13: 978-3-527-40688-3 (paperback) OR 9783527406883 (paperback)
LCCN: QC174.12 .S43 2007
bibdate: Sat Aug 22 11:35:22 MDT 2015
bibtimestamp: 2015.08.22 11:35:22 MDT
note: with endnotes by Marlan O. (Marlan Orvil) Scully.
subject: Quantum theory; Nuclear physics; Atomic theory; Maxwell's demon
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawauthor: Robert J. Scully
rawbooktitle: The demon and the quantum: from the {Pythagorean} mystics to {Maxwell}'s demon and quantum mystery
rawnote: with endnotes by Marlan O. (Marlan Orvil) Scully.
rawtitle: The demon and the quantum: from the {Pythagorean} mystics to {Maxwell}'s demon and quantum mystery
bibsource:
https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/pauli-wolfgang.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wigner-eugene.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager

TOC:
Introduction / 1 1 Mathematics, Mysticism, and More: From Pythagoras and Plato to Pauli / 7 2 Mass in Motion: Kepler, Newton and Kelvin lay the foundations / 25 3 From Engines to Entropy: Carnot and Clausius develop the yardstick of engine efficiency / 41 4 From Statistical Entropy to Statistical Time: Thermodynamics evolves from being an engineer's coal pit to becoming a philosopher's gold mine / 55 5 Maxwell's Demon and Szilard's One Atom Engine: A heady mixture of entropy, information and consciousness / 65 6 Quantum Mechanics I: From magnets to masers / 75 7 Using Quantum Mechanics to Resolve the Maxwell Demon Paradox: Solving the demon problem with quantum mechanics but without information science, sweat or tears / 93 8 Quantum Mechanics II: The wave side of particles and the particle side of waves / 105 9 From Wigner's Friend to Quantum Eraser: Of Wigner's friends and their amnesia / 121 10 On Quantum Mechanics and the Big Questions: From quantum controversy to Pauli's spiritual complementarity / 137 Endnotes / 165 Acknowledgements / 247 Glossary / 249 Citations, Comments and Further Readings / 257 Index / 263

rawTOC:
Introduction / 1 \\ 1 Mathematics, Mysticism, and More: From Pythagoras and Plato to Pauli / 7 \\ 2 Mass in Motion: Kepler, Newton and Kelvin lay the foundations / 25 \\ 3 From Engines to Entropy: Carnot and Clausius develop the yardstick of engine efficiency / 41 \\ 4 From Statistical Entropy to Statistical Time: Thermodynamics evolves from being an engineer's coal pit to becoming a philosopher's gold mine / 55 \\ 5 Maxwell's Demon and Szilard's One Atom Engine: A heady mixture of entropy, information and consciousness / 65 \\ 6 Quantum Mechanics I: From magnets to masers / 75 \\ 7 Using Quantum Mechanics to Resolve the Maxwell Demon Paradox: Solving the demon problem with quantum mechanics but without information science, sweat or tears / 93 \\ 8 Quantum Mechanics II: The wave side of particles and the particle side of waves / 105 \\ 9 From Wigner's Friend to Quantum Eraser: Of Wigner's friends and their amnesia / 121 \\ 10 On Quantum Mechanics and the Big Questions: From quantum controversy to Pauli's spiritual complementarity / 137 \\ Endnotes / 165 \\ Acknowledgements / 247 \\ Glossary / 249 \\ Citations, Comments and Further Readings / 257 \\ Index / 263

entry:
@Book{Scully:2007:DQP,
  author =       "Robert J. Scully",
  booktitle =    "The demon and the quantum: from the {Pythagorean}
                 mystics to {Maxwell}'s demon and quantum mystery",
  title =        "The demon and the quantum: from the {Pythagorean}
                 mystics to {Maxwell}'s demon and quantum mystery",
  publisher =    "Wiley-VCH",
  address =      "Weinheim, Germany",
  pages =        "viii + 271",
  year =         "2007",
  ISBN =         "3-527-40688-3 (paperback)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-3-527-40688-3 (paperback)",
  LCCN =         "QC174.12 .S43 2007",
  bibdate =      "Sat Aug 22 11:35:22 MDT 2015",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/pauli-wolfgang.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wigner-eugene.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  note =         "with endnotes by Marlan O. (Marlan Orvil) Scully.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Quantum theory; Nuclear physics; Atomic theory;
                 Maxwell's demon",
  tableofcontents = "Introduction / 1 \\
                 1 Mathematics, Mysticism, and More: From Pythagoras and
                 Plato to Pauli / 7 \\
                 2 Mass in Motion: Kepler, Newton and Kelvin lay the
                 foundations / 25 \\
                 3 From Engines to Entropy: Carnot and Clausius develop
                 the yardstick of engine efficiency / 41 \\
                 4 From Statistical Entropy to Statistical Time:
                 Thermodynamics evolves from being an engineer's coal
                 pit to becoming a philosopher's gold mine / 55 \\
                 5 Maxwell's Demon and Szilard's One Atom Engine: A
                 heady mixture of entropy, information and consciousness
                 / 65 \\
                 6 Quantum Mechanics I: From magnets to masers / 75 \\
                 7 Using Quantum Mechanics to Resolve the Maxwell Demon
                 Paradox: Solving the demon problem with quantum
                 mechanics but without information science, sweat or
                 tears / 93 \\
                 8 Quantum Mechanics II: The wave side of particles and
                 the particle side of waves / 105 \\
                 9 From Wigner's Friend to Quantum Eraser: Of Wigner's
                 friends and their amnesia / 121 \\
                 10 On Quantum Mechanics and the Big Questions: From
                 quantum controversy to Pauli's spiritual
                 complementarity / 137 \\
                 Endnotes / 165 \\
                 Acknowledgements / 247 \\
                 Glossary / 249 \\
                 Citations, Comments and Further Readings / 257 \\
                 Index / 263",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Hargittai:2010:JET
author: Istvan Hargittai
publisher: pub-PROMETHEUS-BOOKS
address: pub-PROMETHEUS-BOOKS:adr
pages: 575
year: 2010
ISBN: 1-61614-221-9 (hardcover) OR 1616142219 (hardcover)
ISBN13: 978-1-61614-221-6 (hardcover) OR 9781616142216 (hardcover)
LCCN: QC16.T37 H37 2010
bibdate: Thu Oct 6 06:57:45 MDT 2011
bibtimestamp: 2011.10.06 06:57:45 MDT
note: Afterword by Richard Garwin.
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
subjectdates: 1908--2003
rawauthor: Istv{\'a}n Hargittai
rawnote: Afterword by Richard Garwin.
booktitle:
Judging Edward Teller: a closer look at one of the most influential scientists of the Twentieth Century

title:
Judging Edward Teller: a closer look at one of the most influential scientists of the Twentieth Century

bibsource:
https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bethe-hans.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/o/oppenheimer-j-robert.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/teller-edward.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/u/ulam-stanislaw-m.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/biometrika1970.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/bullatsci.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager

subject:
Teller, Edward; Physicists; United States; Biography; Scientists; Hungarian Americans; Atomic bomb; History

TOC:
Foreword by Peter Lax / 15 Preface / 19 I: Teller in Hungary: Origins and Background / 27 Broader Background / 29 Origins / 37 Childhood / 41 Gimnazium Experience / 43 Higher Learning Begins / 49 Family Fate / 54 2: Germany: Road to Science / 61 Why Germany? / 61 Karlsruhe and Munich / 66 Leipzig and Gottingen / 69 Teller and Germany / 81 3: Transitions / 91 Copenhagen and London / 92 New World / 102 ``Molecule Inspector'' / 104 Enter Nuclear Physics / 116 4: Atomic Bomb Quest / 123 Idyll Ending / 124 War-Footing / 136 Roots of Anticommunism / 146 Bomb Dilemmas / 152 5: No Calm Before the Storm / 165 Chicago / 168 Lasting Friendship / 173 Mici / 177 Entering Politics / 178 Reactor Safety / 186 The Big Debate / 189 6: Fathering the Hydrogen Bomb / 205 Hydrogen Bomb Quest / 207 Can We Know the Past? / 225 7: From Worrier to Warrior / 243 Road to Livermore / 244 Lengthened Shadows / 254 Teller Tech / 273 8: Double Tragedy: Teller and Oppenheimer / 277 Parallel Lives / 278 The Case and the Hearing / 294 Aftermath / 304 ``Dangerous Mole'' / 311 9: Fallout and Test Ban / 317 Against the Test Ban / 319 Teller versus Pauling / 323 Continued Opposition / 329 Teller-Szilard Debates / 337 ``Reluctant Revolutionary'' / 342 Against Other Treaties / 345 Nuclear Winter / 348 10: ``A Monomaniac With Many Manias'' / 353 Coding Excursion / 354 Taste of Bidding / 356 TRIGA / 359 Politics Unlimited / 360 ``And They Shall Beat Their Plowshare into Chariot'' / 368 Secrecy / 378 Three Mile Island / 385 11: Warring the Stars / 389 Great Alliance / 390 SDI / 392 Vision and Dedication / 397 Excalibur / 403 World Politics / 413 Brilliant Pebbles / 417 Summits / 418 12: Final Thoughts / 425 Homecoming / 427 Being Jewish / 431 Russian Connection / 433 Assessment / 436 Labels / 442 Advising / 446 Two Tellers (At Least) / 449 Legacy / 453 Afterword by Richard Garwin / 457 Timeline: Selected Events in Edward Teller's Life / 461 Acknowledgments / 465 Biographical Names / 469 Notes / 489 Index / 549

rawbooktitle:
Judging {Edward Teller}: a closer look at one of the most influential scientists of the {Twentieth Century}

rawtitle:
Judging {Edward Teller}: a closer look at one of the most influential scientists of the {Twentieth Century}

shortTOC:
Teller in Hungary: origins and background Germany: road to science Transitions Atomic bomb quest No calm before the storm Fathering the hydrogen bomb From worrier to warrior Double tragedy: Teller and Oppenheimer Fallout and test ban ``A monomaniac with many manias'' Warring the stars Final thoughts

rawshortTOC:
Teller in Hungary: origins and background \\ Germany: road to science \\ Transitions \\ Atomic bomb quest \\ No calm before the storm \\ Fathering the hydrogen bomb \\ From worrier to warrior \\ Double tragedy: Teller and Oppenheimer \\ Fallout and test ban \\ ``A monomaniac with many manias'' \\ Warring the stars \\ Final thoughts

rawTOC:
Foreword by Peter Lax / 15 \\ Preface / 19 \\ I: Teller in Hungary: Origins and Background / 27 \\ Broader Background / 29 \\ Origins / 37 \\ Childhood / 41 \\ Gimn{\'a}zium Experience / 43 \\ Higher Learning Begins / 49 \\ Family Fate / 54 \\ 2: Germany: Road to Science / 61 \\ Why Germany? / 61 \\ Karlsruhe and Munich / 66 \\ Leipzig and G{\"o}ttingen / 69 \\ Teller and Germany / 81 \\ 3: Transitions / 91 \\ Copenhagen and London / 92 \\ New World / 102 \\ ``Molecule Inspector'' / 104 \\ Enter Nuclear Physics / 116 \\ 4: Atomic Bomb Quest / 123 \\ Idyll Ending / 124 \\ War-Footing / 136 \\ Roots of Anticommunism / 146 \\ Bomb Dilemmas / 152 \\ 5: No Calm Before the Storm / 165 \\ Chicago / 168 \\ Lasting Friendship / 173 \\ Mici / 177 \\ Entering Politics / 178 \\ Reactor Safety / 186 \\ The Big Debate / 189 \\ 6: Fathering the Hydrogen Bomb / 205 \\ Hydrogen Bomb Quest / 207 \\ Can We Know the Past? / 225 \\ 7: From Worrier to Warrior / 243 \\ Road to Livermore / 244 \\ Lengthened Shadows / 254 \\ Teller Tech / 273 \\ 8: Double Tragedy: Teller and Oppenheimer / 277 \\ Parallel Lives / 278 \\ The Case and the Hearing / 294 \\ Aftermath / 304 \\ ``Dangerous Mole'' / 311 \\ 9: Fallout and Test Ban / 317 \\ Against the Test Ban / 319 \\ Teller versus Pauling / 323 \\ Continued Opposition / 329 \\ Teller-Szilard Debates / 337 \\ ``Reluctant Revolutionary'' / 342 \\ Against Other Treaties / 345 \\ Nuclear Winter / 348 \\ 10: ``A Monomaniac With Many Manias'' / 353 \\ Coding Excursion / 354 \\ Taste of Bidding / 356 \\ TRIGA / 359 \\ Politics Unlimited / 360 \\ ``And They Shall Beat Their Plowshare into Chariot'' / 368 \\ Secrecy / 378 \\ Three Mile Island / 385 \\ 11: Warring the Stars / 389 \\ Great Alliance / 390 \\ SDI / 392 \\ Vision and Dedication / 397 \\ Excalibur / 403 \\ World Politics / 413 \\ Brilliant Pebbles / 417 \\ Summits / 418 \\ 12: Final Thoughts / 425 \\ Homecoming / 427 \\ Being Jewish / 431 \\ Russian Connection / 433 \\ Assessment / 436 \\ Labels / 442 \\ Advising / 446 \\ Two Tellers (At Least) / 449 \\ Legacy / 453 \\ Afterword by Richard Garwin / 457 \\ Timeline: Selected Events in Edward Teller's Life / 461 \\ Acknowledgments / 465 \\ Biographical Names / 469 \\ Notes / 489 \\ Index / 549

entry:
@Book{Hargittai:2010:JET,
  author =       "Istv{\'a}n Hargittai",
  booktitle =    "Judging {Edward Teller}: a closer look at one of the
                 most influential scientists of the {Twentieth
                 Century}",
  title =        "Judging {Edward Teller}: a closer look at one of the
                 most influential scientists of the {Twentieth
                 Century}",
  publisher =    pub-PROMETHEUS-BOOKS,
  address =      pub-PROMETHEUS-BOOKS:adr,
  pages =        "575",
  year =         "2010",
  ISBN =         "1-61614-221-9 (hardcover)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-61614-221-6 (hardcover)",
  LCCN =         "QC16.T37 H37 2010",
  bibdate =      "Thu Oct 6 06:57:45 MDT 2011",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bethe-hans.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/m/metropolis-nicholas.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/o/oppenheimer-j-robert.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/t/teller-edward.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/u/ulam-stanislaw-m.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/biometrika1970.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/bullatsci.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  note =         "Afterword by Richard Garwin.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  shorttableofcontents = "Teller in Hungary: origins and background \\
                 Germany: road to science \\
                 Transitions \\
                 Atomic bomb quest \\
                 No calm before the storm \\
                 Fathering the hydrogen bomb \\
                 From worrier to warrior \\
                 Double tragedy: Teller and Oppenheimer \\
                 Fallout and test ban \\
                 ``A monomaniac with many manias'' \\
                 Warring the stars \\
                 Final thoughts",
  subject =      "Teller, Edward; Physicists; United States; Biography;
                 Scientists; Hungarian Americans; Atomic bomb; History",
  subject-dates = "1908--2003",
  tableofcontents = "Foreword by Peter Lax / 15 \\
                 Preface / 19 \\
                 I: Teller in Hungary: Origins and Background / 27 \\
                 Broader Background / 29 \\
                 Origins / 37 \\
                 Childhood / 41 \\
                 Gimn{\'a}zium Experience / 43 \\
                 Higher Learning Begins / 49 \\
                 Family Fate / 54 \\
                 2: Germany: Road to Science / 61 \\
                 Why Germany? / 61 \\
                 Karlsruhe and Munich / 66 \\
                 Leipzig and G{\"o}ttingen / 69 \\
                 Teller and Germany / 81 \\
                 3: Transitions / 91 \\
                 Copenhagen and London / 92 \\
                 New World / 102 \\
                 ``Molecule Inspector'' / 104 \\
                 Enter Nuclear Physics / 116 \\
                 4: Atomic Bomb Quest / 123 \\
                 Idyll Ending / 124 \\
                 War-Footing / 136 \\
                 Roots of Anticommunism / 146 \\
                 Bomb Dilemmas / 152 \\
                 5: No Calm Before the Storm / 165 \\
                 Chicago / 168 \\
                 Lasting Friendship / 173 \\
                 Mici / 177 \\
                 Entering Politics / 178 \\
                 Reactor Safety / 186 \\
                 The Big Debate / 189 \\
                 6: Fathering the Hydrogen Bomb / 205 \\
                 Hydrogen Bomb Quest / 207 \\
                 Can We Know the Past? / 225 \\
                 7: From Worrier to Warrior / 243 \\
                 Road to Livermore / 244 \\
                 Lengthened Shadows / 254 \\
                 Teller Tech / 273 \\
                 8: Double Tragedy: Teller and Oppenheimer / 277 \\
                 Parallel Lives / 278 \\
                 The Case and the Hearing / 294 \\
                 Aftermath / 304 \\
                 ``Dangerous Mole'' / 311 \\
                 9: Fallout and Test Ban / 317 \\
                 Against the Test Ban / 319 \\
                 Teller versus Pauling / 323 \\
                 Continued Opposition / 329 \\
                 Teller-Szilard Debates / 337 \\
                 ``Reluctant Revolutionary'' / 342 \\
                 Against Other Treaties / 345 \\
                 Nuclear Winter / 348 \\
                 10: ``A Monomaniac With Many Manias'' / 353 \\
                 Coding Excursion / 354 \\
                 Taste of Bidding / 356 \\
                 TRIGA / 359 \\
                 Politics Unlimited / 360 \\
                 ``And They Shall Beat Their Plowshare into Chariot'' /
                 368 \\
                 Secrecy / 378 \\
                 Three Mile Island / 385 \\
                 11: Warring the Stars / 389 \\
                 Great Alliance / 390 \\
                 SDI / 392 \\
                 Vision and Dedication / 397 \\
                 Excalibur / 403 \\
                 World Politics / 413 \\
                 Brilliant Pebbles / 417 \\
                 Summits / 418 \\
                 12: Final Thoughts / 425 \\
                 Homecoming / 427 \\
                 Being Jewish / 431 \\
                 Russian Connection / 433 \\
                 Assessment / 436 \\
                 Labels / 442 \\
                 Advising / 446 \\
                 Two Tellers (At Least) / 449 \\
                 Legacy / 453 \\
                 Afterword by Richard Garwin / 457 \\
                 Timeline: Selected Events in Edward Teller's Life / 461
                 \\
                 Acknowledgments / 465 \\
                 Biographical Names / 469 \\
                 Notes / 489 \\
                 Index / 549",
}


bibtype: proceedings
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Marks:2011:DLP
editor: Shula Marks and Paul Weindling and Laura Wintour
booktitle: In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s
title: In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s
volume: 169
publisher: pub-OXFORD
address: pub-OXFORD:adr
pages: xx + 320
year: 2011
ISBN: 0-19-726481-6 OR 0197264816
ISBN13: 978-0-19-726481-2 OR 9780197264812
LCCN: HV640.4.G7 I55 2011
bibdate: Fri Jan 11 13:09:50 MST 2013
bibsource: https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager
bibtimestamp: 2013.01.11 13:09:50 MST
note: Published for the British Academy.
series: Proceedings of the British Academy
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawbooktitle: {In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s}
raweditor: Shula Marks and Paul Weindling and Laura Wintour
rawnote: Published for the British Academy.
rawtitle: {In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s}
URL:
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011284500-b.html; http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011284500-d.html; http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011284500-t.html

remark:
Contributions given at a conference held at the British Academy on 3--4 December 2008, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Academic Assistance Council (AAC) in 1933, later the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL) (1936-98) and now the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA).

subject:
Refugees; History; 20th century; Political refugees; Great Britain; College teachers; World War, 1939-1945; Vluchtelingen; Academici

entry:
@Proceedings{Marks:2011:DLP,
  editor =       "Shula Marks and Paul Weindling and Laura Wintour",
  booktitle =    "{In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and
                 placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s}",
  title =        "{In defence of learning: the plight, persecution, and
                 placement of academic refugees, 1933-1980s}",
  volume =       "169",
  publisher =    pub-OXFORD,
  address =      pub-OXFORD:adr,
  pages =        "xx + 320",
  year =         "2011",
  ISBN =         "0-19-726481-6",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-19-726481-2",
  LCCN =         "HV640.4.G7 I55 2011",
  bibdate =      "Fri Jan 11 13:09:50 MST 2013",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  note =         "Published for the British Academy.",
  series =       "Proceedings of the British Academy",
  URL =          "http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011284500-b.html;
                 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011284500-d.html;
                 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1205/2011284500-t.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "Contributions given at a conference held at the
                 British Academy on 3--4 December 2008, to celebrate the
                 75th anniversary of the founding of the Academic
                 Assistance Council (AAC) in 1933, later the Society for
                 the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL) (1936-98)
                 and now the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics
                 (CARA).",
  subject =      "Refugees; History; 20th century; Political refugees;
                 Great Britain; College teachers; World War, 1939-1945;
                 Vluchtelingen; Academici",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Schils:2012:HJW
author: Rene Schils
booktitle: How James Watt invented the copier: forgotten inventions of our great scientists
title: How James Watt invented the copier: forgotten inventions of our great scientists
publisher: pub-SV
address: pub-SV:adr
pages: vii + 170
year: 2012
ISBN: 1-4614-0859-8 (softcover), 1-4614-0860-1 (e-book) OR 1461408598 (softcover), 1461408601 (ebook)
LCCN: T15 .S35513 2012
bibdate: Wed May 30 08:42:14 MDT 2012
bibtimestamp: 2012.05.30 08:42:14 MDT
subject: Inventions; History; Science; Inventors; Biography; Scientists
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawauthor: Ren{\'e} Schils
rawbooktitle: How {James Watt} invented the copier: forgotten inventions of our great scientists
rawtitle: How {James Watt} invented the copier: forgotten inventions of our great scientists
ISBN13:
978-1-4614-0859-8 (softcover), 978-1-4614-0860-4 (e-book) OR 9781461408598 (softcover), 9781461408604 (ebook)

bibsource:
https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/g/gamow-george.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager

TOC:
Johannes Kepler Robert Hooke Edmond Halley Daniel Bernoulli Benjamin Franklin Joseph Priestly James Watt Edward Jenner John Dalton Thomas Young Justus von Liebig Charles Darwin William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) James Clerk Maxwell Alexander Graham Bell Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Svante Arrhenius Pierre Curie Walther Nernst Albert Einstein Harlow Shapley Erwin Schrodinger Enrico Fermi Rosalind Franklin George Gamow

rawTOC:
Johannes Kepler \\ Robert Hooke \\ Edmond Halley \\ Daniel Bernoulli \\ Benjamin Franklin \\ Joseph Priestly \\ James Watt \\ Edward Jenner \\ John Dalton \\ Thomas Young \\ Justus von Liebig \\ Charles Darwin \\ William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) \\ James Clerk Maxwell \\ Alexander Graham Bell \\ Hendrik Antoon Lorentz \\ Svante Arrhenius \\ Pierre Curie \\ Walther Nernst \\ Albert Einstein \\ Harlow Shapley \\ Erwin Schr{\"o}dinger \\ Enrico Fermi \\ Rosalind Franklin \\ George Gamow

entry:
@Book{Schils:2012:HJW,
  author =       "Ren{\'e} Schils",
  booktitle =    "How {James Watt} invented the copier: forgotten
                 inventions of our great scientists",
  title =        "How {James Watt} invented the copier: forgotten
                 inventions of our great scientists",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "vii + 170",
  year =         "2012",
  ISBN =         "1-4614-0859-8 (softcover), 1-4614-0860-1 (e-book)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-4614-0859-8 (softcover), 978-1-4614-0860-4
                 (e-book)",
  LCCN =         "T15 .S35513 2012",
  bibdate =      "Wed May 30 08:42:14 MDT 2012",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/g/gamow-george.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Inventions; History; Science; Inventors; Biography;
                 Scientists",
  tableofcontents = "Johannes Kepler \\
                 Robert Hooke \\
                 Edmond Halley \\
                 Daniel Bernoulli \\
                 Benjamin Franklin \\
                 Joseph Priestly \\
                 James Watt \\
                 Edward Jenner \\
                 John Dalton \\
                 Thomas Young \\
                 Justus von Liebig \\
                 Charles Darwin \\
                 William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) \\
                 James Clerk Maxwell \\
                 Alexander Graham Bell \\
                 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz \\
                 Svante Arrhenius \\
                 Pierre Curie \\
                 Walther Nernst \\
                 Albert Einstein \\
                 Harlow Shapley \\
                 Erwin Schr{\"o}dinger \\
                 Enrico Fermi \\
                 Rosalind Franklin \\
                 George Gamow",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Brillouin:2013:SIT
author: Leon Brillouin
booktitle: Science and Information Theory
title: Science and Information Theory
publisher: pub-DOVER
address: pub-DOVER:adr
edition: Second
pages: xv + 351
year: 2013
ISBN: 0-486-49755-0 (paperback) OR 0486497550 (paperback)
ISBN13: 978-0-486-49755-6 (paperback) OR 9780486497556 (paperback)
LCCN: Q360 .B75 2013
bibdate: Thu May 21 08:02:52 MDT 2015
bibsource: https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager
bibtimestamp: 2015.05.21 08:02:52 MDT
keywords: Leo Szilard
remark: Republication of cite Brillouin:1956:SIT.
subject: Information theory
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
authordates: 1889--1969
rawauthor: L{\'e}on Brillouin
rawbooktitle: Science and Information Theory
rawtitle: Science and Information Theory
URL:
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1307/2012051388-d.html; http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1318/2012051388-t.html

TOC:
Preface Introduction 1. The Definition of Information 2. Applications of the Definitions and General Discussion 3. Redundancy in the English Language 4. Principles of Coding, Discussion of the Capacity of a Channel 5. Coding Problems 6. Error Detecting and Correcting Codes 7. Applications to Some Special Problems 8. The Analysis of Signals: Fourier Method and Sampling Procedure 9. Summary of Thermodynamics 10. Thermal Agitation and Brownian Motion 11. Thermal Noise in an Electric Circuit; Nyquist's Formula 12. The Negentropy Principle of Information 13. Maxwell's Demon and the Negentropy Principle of Information 14. The Negentropy Principle of Information in General Physics 15. Observation and Information 16. Information Theory, the Uncertainty Principle, and Physical Limits of Observation 17. The Negentropy Principle of Information in Telecommunications 18. Writing, Printing, and Reading 19. The Problem of Computing 20. Information, Organization, and Other Problems 21. Inevitable Errors, Determinism, and Information 22. The Problem of Very Small Distances Author Index Subject Index Books Published by L. Brillouin

rawTOC:
Preface \\ Introduction \\ 1. The Definition of Information \\ 2. Applications of the Definitions and General Discussion \\ 3. Redundancy in the English Language \\ 4. Principles of Coding, Discussion of the Capacity of a Channel \\ 5. Coding Problems \\ 6. Error Detecting and Correcting Codes \\ 7. Applications to Some Special Problems \\ 8. The Analysis of Signals: Fourier Method and Sampling Procedure \\ 9. Summary of Thermodynamics \\ 10. Thermal Agitation and Brownian Motion \\ 11. Thermal Noise in an Electric Circuit; Nyquist's Formula \\ 12. The Negentropy Principle of Information \\ 13. Maxwell's Demon and the Negentropy Principle of Information \\ 14. The Negentropy Principle of Information in General Physics \\ 15. Observation and Information \\ 16. Information Theory, the Uncertainty Principle, and Physical Limits of Observation \\ 17. The Negentropy Principle of Information in Telecommunications \\ 18. Writing, Printing, and Reading \\ 19. The Problem of Computing \\ 20. Information, Organization, and Other Problems \\ 21. Inevitable Errors, Determinism, and Information \\ 22. The Problem of Very Small Distances \\ Author Index \\ Subject Index \\ Books Published by L. Brillouin

entry:
@Book{Brillouin:2013:SIT,
  author =       "L{\'e}on Brillouin",
  booktitle =    "Science and Information Theory",
  title =        "Science and Information Theory",
  publisher =    pub-DOVER,
  address =      pub-DOVER:adr,
  edition =      "Second",
  pages =        "xv + 351",
  year =         "2013",
  ISBN =         "0-486-49755-0 (paperback)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-486-49755-6 (paperback)",
  LCCN =         "Q360 .B75 2013",
  bibdate =      "Thu May 21 08:02:52 MDT 2015",
  bibsource =    "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 z3950.loc.gov:7090/Voyager",
  URL =          "http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1307/2012051388-d.html;
                 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1318/2012051388-t.html",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  author-dates = "1889--1969",
  keywords =     "Leo Szilard",
  remark =       "Republication of \cite{Brillouin:1956:SIT}.",
  subject =      "Information theory",
  tableofcontents = "Preface \\
                 Introduction \\
                 1. The Definition of Information \\
                 2. Applications of the Definitions and General
                 Discussion \\
                 3. Redundancy in the English Language \\
                 4. Principles of Coding, Discussion of the Capacity of
                 a Channel \\
                 5. Coding Problems \\
                 6. Error Detecting and Correcting Codes \\
                 7. Applications to Some Special Problems \\
                 8. The Analysis of Signals: Fourier Method and Sampling
                 Procedure \\
                 9. Summary of Thermodynamics \\
                 10. Thermal Agitation and Brownian Motion \\
                 11. Thermal Noise in an Electric Circuit; Nyquist's
                 Formula \\
                 12. The Negentropy Principle of Information \\
                 13. Maxwell's Demon and the Negentropy Principle of
                 Information \\
                 14. The Negentropy Principle of Information in General
                 Physics \\
                 15. Observation and Information \\
                 16. Information Theory, the Uncertainty Principle, and
                 Physical Limits of Observation \\
                 17. The Negentropy Principle of Information in
                 Telecommunications \\
                 18. Writing, Printing, and Reading \\
                 19. The Problem of Computing \\
                 20. Information, Organization, and Other Problems \\
                 21. Inevitable Errors, Determinism, and Information \\
                 22. The Problem of Very Small Distances \\
                 Author Index \\
                 Subject Index \\
                 Books Published by L. Brillouin",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Farmelo:2013:CBHa
author: Graham Farmelo
booktitle: Churchill's bomb: a hidden history of science, war and politics
title: Churchill's bomb: a hidden history of science, war and politics
publisher: pub-FABER-FABER
address: pub-FABER-FABER:adr
pages: x + 554 + 12
year: 2013
ISBN: 0-571-24978-7 (hardcover) OR 0571249787 (hardcover)
ISBN13: 978-0-571-24978-7 (hardcover) OR 9780571249787 (hardcover)
bibdate: Fri Oct 31 06:10:37 MDT 2014
bibtimestamp: 2014.10.31 06:10:37 MDT
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
subjectdates: 1874--1965 (WSC); 1886--1957 (FAL)
rawauthor: Graham Farmelo
rawbooktitle: {Churchill}'s bomb: a hidden history of science, war and politics
rawtitle: {Churchill}'s bomb: a hidden history of science, war and politics
bibsource:
fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib

subject:
Churchill, Winston; (Winston Leonard Spencer); Lindemann, Frederick Alexander (Viscount Lord Cherwell) (The `Prof'); Prime ministers; Great Britain; Biography; World War, 1939--1945; Science; Atomic bomb; Kernwapenpolitiek; Kernwapens; Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannie en Noord-Ierland

TOC:
Dedication List of Plates Epigraphs Prologue February 1955 Churchill, his nuclear scientists and the bomb 1: Towards the Nuclear Age 1894--1925 Wells and his liberating `atomic bombs' 1924--1932 Churchill glimpses a nuclear future 1932 Rutherford: nuclear sceptic March 1933 to December 1934 The Prof advises a `scientist who missed his vocation' September 1933 to February 1935 Szilard's nuclear epiphany February 1934 to October 1935 Churchill fears war --- and that nuclear energy will soon be harnassed November 1938 to September 1939 Bohr thinks the Bomb is `inconceivable' 2: World War II August to December 1939 Churchill --- nuclear weapons will not be ready for the war September 1939 to February 1940 Chadwick doubts that the Bomb is viable October 1939 to July 1940 FDR receives a nuclear warning March to June 1940 Frisch and Peierls discover how to make the Bomb May and June 1940 Churchill has more pressing problems June to September 1940 Thomson and his MAUD committee debate policy on the Bomb August 1940 to August 1941 In his finest hour, Churchill begs America for help July and August 1941 Chadwick believes Britain should build its own Bomb August 1941 to January 1942 Oliphant bustles in America November 1941 to July 1942 Churchill talks about the Bomb with FDR January 1942 to January 1943 Akers attempts a merger October 1942 to July 1943 Bush aims for an American monopoly January to September 1943 Churchill's nuclear deal with FDR September 1943 to May 1944 Bohr takes a political initiative April to September 1944 The Bulldog meets the Great Dane February 1944 to July 1945 Chadwick witnesses the first nuclear explosion 1 July to 5 August 1945 Churchill says yes to dropping the Bomb 3: Churchill as Leader of the Opposition August 1945 to January 1949 Blackett: nuclear heretic August 1945 to August 1945 Churchill the Cold Warrior February and March 1950 Peierls and `the spy of the century' February 1950 to Spring 1951 Churchill softens his line on the Bomb August 1945 to October 1951 Penney delivers the British Bomb 4: Churchill's Second Premiership October 1951 to December 1952 Churchill --- Britain's first nuclear Premier 1953 Hinton engineers nuclear power March 1953 to February 1954 Churchill the nuclear missionary March to December 1954 Cockcroft becomes a confidant of the Prime Minister April 1954 to April 1955 Churchill's nuclear swansong Epilogues 1954 Onwards 1: Churchill's nuclear scientists 6 April 1955 Onwards 2: Churchill and his Prof Acknowledgements References Index Plates About the Author By the Same Author

rawTOC:
Dedication \\ List of Plates \\ Epigraphs \\ Prologue \\ February 1955 Churchill, his nuclear scientists and the bomb \\ 1: Towards the Nuclear Age \\ 1894--1925 Wells and his liberating `atomic bombs' \\ 1924--1932 Churchill glimpses a nuclear future \\ 1932 Rutherford: nuclear sceptic \\ March 1933 to December 1934 The Prof advises a `scientist who missed his vocation' \\ September 1933 to February 1935 Szil{\'a}rd's nuclear epiphany \\ February 1934 to October 1935 Churchill fears war --- and that nuclear energy will soon be harnassed \\ November 1938 to September 1939 Bohr thinks the Bomb is `inconceivable' \\ 2: World War II \\ August to December 1939 Churchill --- nuclear weapons will not be ready for the war \\ September 1939 to February 1940 Chadwick doubts that the Bomb is viable \\ October 1939 to July 1940 FDR receives a nuclear warning \\ March to June 1940 Frisch and Peierls discover how to make the Bomb \\ May and June 1940 Churchill has more pressing problems \\ June to September 1940 Thomson and his MAUD committee debate policy on the Bomb \\ August 1940 to August 1941 In his finest hour, Churchill begs America for help \\ July and August 1941 Chadwick believes Britain should build its own Bomb \\ August 1941 to January 1942 Oliphant bustles in America \\ November 1941 to July 1942 Churchill talks about the Bomb with FDR \\ January 1942 to January 1943 Akers attempts a merger \\ October 1942 to July 1943 Bush aims for an American monopoly \\ January to September 1943 Churchill's nuclear deal with FDR \\ September 1943 to May 1944 Bohr takes a political initiative \\ April to September 1944 The Bulldog meets the Great Dane \\ February 1944 to July 1945 Chadwick witnesses the first nuclear explosion \\ 1 July to 5 August 1945 Churchill says yes to dropping the Bomb \\ 3: Churchill as Leader of the Opposition \\ August 1945 to January 1949 Blackett: nuclear heretic \\ August 1945 to August 1945 Churchill the Cold Warrior \\ February and March 1950 Peierls and `the spy of the century' \\ February 1950 to Spring 1951 Churchill softens his line on the Bomb \\ August 1945 to October 1951 Penney delivers the British Bomb \\ 4: Churchill's Second Premiership \\ October 1951 to December 1952 Churchill --- Britain's first nuclear Premier \\ 1953 Hinton engineers nuclear power \\ March 1953 to February 1954 Churchill the nuclear missionary \\ March to December 1954 Cockcroft becomes a confidant of the Prime Minister \\ April 1954 to April 1955 Churchill's nuclear swansong \\ Epilogues \\ 1954 Onwards 1: Churchill's nuclear scientists \\ 6 April 1955 Onwards 2: Churchill and his Prof \\ Acknowledgements \\ References \\ Index \\ Plates \\ About the Author \\ By the Same Author

entry:
@Book{Farmelo:2013:CBHa,
  author =       "Graham Farmelo",
  booktitle =    "{Churchill}'s bomb: a hidden history of science, war
                 and politics",
  title =        "{Churchill}'s bomb: a hidden history of science, war
                 and politics",
  publisher =    pub-FABER-FABER,
  address =      pub-FABER-FABER:adr,
  pages =        "x + 554 + 12",
  year =         "2013",
  ISBN =         "0-571-24978-7 (hardcover)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-571-24978-7 (hardcover)",
  LCCN =         "????",
  bibdate =      "Fri Oct 31 06:10:37 MDT 2014",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Churchill, Winston; (Winston Leonard Spencer);
                 Lindemann, Frederick Alexander (Viscount Lord Cherwell)
                 (The `Prof'); Prime ministers; Great Britain;
                 Biography; World War, 1939--1945; Science; Atomic bomb;
                 Kernwapenpolitiek; Kernwapens; Verenigd Koninkrijk van
                 Groot-Brittanni{\"e} en Noord-Ierland",
  subject-dates = "1874--1965 (WSC); 1886--1957 (FAL)",
  tableofcontents = "Dedication \\
                 List of Plates \\
                 Epigraphs \\
                 Prologue \\
                 February 1955 Churchill, his nuclear scientists and the
                 bomb \\
                 1: Towards the Nuclear Age \\
                 1894--1925 Wells and his liberating `atomic bombs' \\
                 1924--1932 Churchill glimpses a nuclear future \\
                 1932 Rutherford: nuclear sceptic \\
                 March 1933 to December 1934 The Prof advises a
                 `scientist who missed his vocation' \\
                 September 1933 to February 1935 Szil{\'a}rd's nuclear
                 epiphany \\
                 February 1934 to October 1935 Churchill fears war ---
                 and that nuclear energy will soon be harnassed \\
                 November 1938 to September 1939 Bohr thinks the Bomb is
                 `inconceivable' \\
                 2: World War II \\
                 August to December 1939 Churchill --- nuclear weapons
                 will not be ready for the war \\
                 September 1939 to February 1940 Chadwick doubts that
                 the Bomb is viable \\
                 October 1939 to July 1940 FDR receives a nuclear
                 warning \\
                 March to June 1940 Frisch and Peierls discover how to
                 make the Bomb \\
                 May and June 1940 Churchill has more pressing problems
                 \\
                 June to September 1940 Thomson and his MAUD committee
                 debate policy on the Bomb \\
                 August 1940 to August 1941 In his finest hour,
                 Churchill begs America for help \\
                 July and August 1941 Chadwick believes Britain should
                 build its own Bomb \\
                 August 1941 to January 1942 Oliphant bustles in America
                 \\
                 November 1941 to July 1942 Churchill talks about the
                 Bomb with FDR \\
                 January 1942 to January 1943 Akers attempts a merger
                 \\
                 October 1942 to July 1943 Bush aims for an American
                 monopoly \\
                 January to September 1943 Churchill's nuclear deal with
                 FDR \\
                 September 1943 to May 1944 Bohr takes a political
                 initiative \\
                 April to September 1944 The Bulldog meets the Great
                 Dane \\
                 February 1944 to July 1945 Chadwick witnesses the first
                 nuclear explosion \\
                 1 July to 5 August 1945 Churchill says yes to dropping
                 the Bomb \\
                 3: Churchill as Leader of the Opposition \\
                 August 1945 to January 1949 Blackett: nuclear heretic
                 \\
                 August 1945 to August 1945 Churchill the Cold Warrior
                 \\
                 February and March 1950 Peierls and `the spy of the
                 century' \\
                 February 1950 to Spring 1951 Churchill softens his line
                 on the Bomb \\
                 August 1945 to October 1951 Penney delivers the British
                 Bomb \\
                 4: Churchill's Second Premiership \\
                 October 1951 to December 1952 Churchill --- Britain's
                 first nuclear Premier \\
                 1953 Hinton engineers nuclear power \\
                 March 1953 to February 1954 Churchill the nuclear
                 missionary \\
                 March to December 1954 Cockcroft becomes a confidant of
                 the Prime Minister \\
                 April 1954 to April 1955 Churchill's nuclear swansong
                 \\
                 Epilogues \\
                 1954 Onwards 1: Churchill's nuclear scientists \\
                 6 April 1955 Onwards 2: Churchill and his Prof \\
                 Acknowledgements \\
                 References \\
                 Index \\
                 Plates \\
                 About the Author \\
                 By the Same Author",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Farmelo:2013:CBHb
author: Graham Farmelo
booktitle: Churchill's bomb: how the United States overtook Britain in the first nuclear arms race
title: Churchill's bomb: how the United States overtook Britain in the first nuclear arms race
publisher: pub-BASIC-BOOKS
address: pub-BASIC-BOOKS:adr
pages: vi + 554
year: 2013
ISBN: 0-465-02195-6 (hardcover), 0-465-06989-4 (e-book) OR 0465021956 (hardcover), 0465069894 (ebook)
LCCN: UA647 .F28 2013
bibdate: Fri Oct 31 07:19:01 MDT 2014
bibtimestamp: 2014.10.31 07:19:01 MDT
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
subjectdates: 1874--1965 (WSC); 1886--1957 (FAL)
rawauthor: Graham Farmelo
rawbooktitle: {Churchill}'s bomb: how the {United States} overtook {Britain} in the first nuclear arms race
rawtitle: {Churchill}'s bomb: how the {United States} overtook {Britain} in the first nuclear arms race
ISBN13:
978-0-465-02195-6 (hardcover), 978-0-465-06989-7 (e-book) OR 9780465021956 (hardcover), 9780465069897 (ebook)

bibsource:
fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib

abstract:
Describes how the science behind Britain's nuclear arms advances at the beginning of World War II was given to America because Winston Churchill didn't fully believe in the physicists' research or the implications of such powerful weaponry.

subject:
Churchill, Winston; Military leadership; Cherwell, Frederick Alexander Lindemann; Viscount; Churchill, Winston; Viscount; Churchill, Winston; World War, 1939-1945; Science; Great Britain; Nuclear weapons; Government policy; History; Atomic bomb; United States; Kernwaffe; Kernphysik; Atomic bomb; Military leadership; Military policy; Military relations; Government policy; Science; Military policy; 20th century; Military relations

TOC:
Towards the nuclear age World War II Churchill as leader of the opposition Churchill's second premiership Epilogues Acknowledgments References Notes Index

rawabstract:
Describes how the science behind Britain's nuclear arms advances at the beginning of World War II was given to America because Winston Churchill didn't fully believe in the physicists' research or the implications of such powerful weaponry.

rawTOC:
Towards the nuclear age \\ World War II \\ Churchill as leader of the opposition \\ Churchill's second premiership \\ Epilogues \\ Acknowledgments \\ References \\ Notes \\ Index

entry:
@Book{Farmelo:2013:CBHb,
  author =       "Graham Farmelo",
  booktitle =    "{Churchill}'s bomb: how the {United States} overtook
                 {Britain} in the first nuclear arms race",
  title =        "{Churchill}'s bomb: how the {United States} overtook
                 {Britain} in the first nuclear arms race",
  publisher =    pub-BASIC-BOOKS,
  address =      pub-BASIC-BOOKS:adr,
  pages =        "vi + 554",
  year =         "2013",
  ISBN =         "0-465-02195-6 (hardcover), 0-465-06989-4 (e-book)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-0-465-02195-6 (hardcover), 978-0-465-06989-7
                 (e-book)",
  LCCN =         "UA647 .F28 2013",
  bibdate =      "Fri Oct 31 07:19:01 MDT 2014",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/master.bib",
  abstract =     "Describes how the science behind Britain's nuclear
                 arms advances at the beginning of World War II was
                 given to America because Winston Churchill didn't fully
                 believe in the physicists' research or the implications
                 of such powerful weaponry.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  subject =      "Churchill, Winston; Military leadership; Cherwell,
                 Frederick Alexander Lindemann; Viscount; Churchill,
                 Winston; Viscount; Churchill, Winston; World War,
                 1939-1945; Science; Great Britain; Nuclear weapons;
                 Government policy; History; Atomic bomb; United States;
                 Kernwaffe; Kernphysik; Atomic bomb; Military
                 leadership; Military policy; Military relations;
                 Government policy; Science; Military policy; 20th
                 century; Military relations",
  subject-dates = "1874--1965 (WSC); 1886--1957 (FAL)",
  tableofcontents = "Towards the nuclear age \\
                 World War II \\
                 Churchill as leader of the opposition \\
                 Churchill's second premiership \\
                 Epilogues \\
                 Acknowledgments \\
                 References \\
                 Notes \\
                 Index",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Fernandez:2013:UMA
author: Bernard Fernandez and Georges Ripka
booktitle: Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus --- a Sixty Year Journey 1896--1956
title: Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus --- a Sixty Year Journey 1896--1956
publisher: pub-SV
address: pub-SV:adr
pages: xviii + 522
year: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4181-6
ISBN: 1-4614-4180-3 (hardcover), 1-4614-4181-1 (e-book) OR 1461441803 (hardcover), 1461441811 (ebook)
LCCN: QC773 .F47 2013
bibdate: Mon Apr 23 15:26:52 MDT 2018
bibtimestamp: 2018.04.23 15:26:52 MDT
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawauthor: Bernard Fernandez and Georges Ripka
rawbooktitle: Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus --- a Sixty Year Journey 1896--1956
rawtitle: Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus --- a Sixty Year Journey 1896--1956
ISBN13:
978-1-4614-4180-9 (hardcover), 978-1-4614-4181-6 (e-book) OR 9781461441809 (hardcover), 9781461441816 (ebook)

bibsource:
fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bethe-hans.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/born-max.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/debroglie-louis.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dirac-p-a-m.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/fermi-enrico.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/g/gamow-george.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/heisenberg-werner.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/pauli-wolfgang.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/peierls-rudolf.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/planck-max.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutherford-ernest.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/schroedinger-erwin.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wigner-eugene.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib

abstract:
booktitle Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus tells the story of how, in the span of barely sixty years, we made a transition from the belief that matter was composed of indivisible atoms, to the discovery that in the heart of each atom lies a nucleus which is ten thousand times smaller than the atom, which nonetheless carries almost all its mass, and the transformations of which involve energies that could never be reached by chemical reactions. It was not a smooth transition. The nature of nuclei, their properties, the physical laws which govern their behaviour, and the possibility of controlling to some extent their transformations, were discovered in discontinuous steps, following paths which occasionally led to errors which in turn were corrected by further experimental discoveries. The story begins in 1896 when radioactivity was unexpectedly discovered and continues up to the nineteen-sixties. The authors describe the spectacular progress made by physics during that time, which not only revealed a new form of matter, namely nuclei, but also modified our way of thinking by developing quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. The book is written in a clear and non mathematical language which makes it both accessible and instructive to laymen, physicists and students, as well as to historians of science. It delves into subjects which are of utmost importance for the understanding of matter in our universe and for understanding how this knowledge was achieved.

remark:
Substantially revised by the authors from the French original, booktitle De l atome au noyau. Une approche historique et de la physique nucleaire, Ellipses (2006), and viewed by them as a second edition.

subject:
Nuclear physics; History; stralingschemie; deeltjesfysica; Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general); quarks; History of physics; Nuclear chemistry; wetenschapsgeschiedenis; Physics; fysica; Nuclear physics.

TOC:
Radioactivity: The First Puzzles / 1 The ``Uranic Rays'' of Henri Becquerel / 1 The Discovery / 2 Is It Really Phosphorescence? / 4 What Is the Nature of the Radiation? / 5 A Limited Impact on Scientists and the Public / 6 Why 1896? / 7 Was Radioactivity Discovered by Chance? / 7 Polonium and Radium / 9 Marya Sklodowska / 9 Pierre Curie / 10 Polonium and Radium: Pierre and Marie Curie Invent Radiochemistry / 11 Enigmas / 14 Emanation from Thorium / 17 Ernest Rutherford / 17 Rutherford Studies Radioactivity: $alpha $- and $beta $-Rays / 18 $beta $-Rays Are Electrons / 19 Rutherford in Montreal: The Radiation of Thorium, the Exponential Decrease / 19 ``Induced'' and ``Excited'' Radioactivity / 20 Elster and Geitel: The Radioactivity of the Air and of the Earth / 22 A Third Type of Ray: $gamma $-Rays / 24 The Emanation of Thorium Is a Gas Belonging to the Argon Family / 24 A Proliferation of ``X'' Radiations / 25 ``An Enigma, a Deeply Astonishing Subject'' / 26 The Puzzle Is Disentangled / 27 $alpha $-Rays Revisited / 29 Radioactivity Is an Atomic Decay / 30 The Puzzle Is Unravelled: Radioactive Families / 30 Where Does the Energy of Radioactivity Come from? The Conjecture of Rutherford / 32 Experimental Evidence of Transmutation / 35 Radioactivity is Understood. Radioactive Families / 35 Consecrations and Mourning: The End of an Era / 37 1903: Henri Becquerel Shares the Nobel Prize with Pierre and Marie Curie / 37 The Death of Pierre Curie / 39 1908: Rutherford is Awarded the Nobel Prize / 40 The Death of Henri Becquerel / 40 References / 41 A Nucleus at the Heart of the Atom / 47 Prehistory of the Atom / 47 Eighteenth Century: The Abbot Nollet / 48 Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: John Dalton, William Prout, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and Ampere / 49 Do Atoms Really Exist? / 50 1865: Loschmidt Estimates the Size of Air Molecules / 51 Spectral Lines: A First Indication of an Internal Structure of Atoms / 52 Jean Perrin Advocates the Reality of Atoms / 52 1897: The Electrons Are in the Atom / 55 Electric Discharges in Gases, Cathode Rays and the Electron / 55 ``Dynamids'': The Atoms of Philipp Lenard / 55 Numeric Attempts to Describe Spectral Rays: Balmer and Rydberg / 56 J. J. Thomson's First Model: An Atom Consisting Entirely of Electrons / 57 A Speculation of Jean Perrin: The Atom Is Like a Small Scale Solar System / 57 The ``Saturn'' Model of Hantaro Nagaoka / 58 The ``Plum-Pudding'' Atom of J. J. Thomson / 59 Charles Barkla Measures the Number of Electrons in an Atom / 60 The Scattering of $alpha $ Particles Makes It Possible to ``See'' a Nucleus in the Atom / 63 An Observation of Marie Curie / 63 William Henry Bragg: The Slowing Down of $alpha $-Particles in Matter / 63 The ``Scattering'' of $alpha $-Particles / 65 The Nature of the $alpha $-Particle: An Unresolved Question / 66 The First Geiger Counter / 67 The Nature of the $alpha $-Particle / 69 Another Way to Count $alpha $-Particles: Scintillations / 70 Back to the Scattering of $alpha $-Particles / 71 The Experiments of Geiger and Marsden / 72 Are the Large Deviations Caused by Multiple Small Deviations? / 73 Rutherford Invents the Nucleus / 74 A Last Ingredient: Moseley Measures the Charge of the Nucleus in the Atom / 77 Barkla Creates X-ray Spectroscopy / 77 The Diffraction of X-rays: Max von Laue, William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg / 78 Henry Moseley Measures the Charge of Nuclei / 79 A Paradox / 81 References / 83 Quantum Mechanics: The Unavoidable Path / 89 Branching Off / 89 An Improbable Beginning / 91 The Peak of Classical Mechanics / 91 A Persistent Problem / 92 1900: Max Planck Invents the Quantum of the Action / 94 A Quantum of Action / 96 Einstein and Light Quanta / 96 The Specific Heat of Solids / 99 The First Solvay Council and the Theory of Quanta / 99 Niels Bohr: The Quanta Are in the Atom / 103 Bohr Introduces Quanta in the Theory of the Atom / 103 ``On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules'' / 105 Two Other Papers in Bohr's 1913 Trilogy / 108 1913--1923: Victories and Setbacks / 109 Skepticism, Enthusiasm and Adhesion / 109 Confirmation: The Experiment of Franck and Hertz / 110 A Proliferation of Optical Lines: The Zeeman and Stark Effects / 110 Arnold Sommerfeld: Elliptic Orbits and New Quantum Numbers / 111 Relativistic Corrections and the Fine Structure Constant / 112 A Hoax! / 113 A Further Contribution of Einstein: The Interaction Between Radiation and Matter / 113 The Stark Effect: A Victory of the Theory of Quanta / 114 The ``Correspondence Principle'' / 115 Kossel, Bohr and the Mendeleev Table / 116 The Rare Earths / 118 1918, 1921 and 1922: Three Nobel Prizes Attributed to Quanta / 118 1925: Spin and the Pauli Principle / 121 Wolfgang Pauli / 121 Max Born / 122 The Stern and Gerlach Experiment / 123 The Compton Effect / 124 A Strange Explanation of the Zeeman Effect / 125 Pauli's Exclusion Principle / 126 The ``Spin'' of the Electron / 127 Quantum Mechanics / 131 Louis de Broglie / 131 Heisenberg and Matrix Mechanics / 133 New Physics / 135 Pauli Applies the New Mechanics to the Spectrum of Hydrogen / 136 The Schrodinger Equation / 136 Heisenberg and Schrodinger, Two Sides of the Same Coin / 139 The Probabilistic Interpretation of Max Born and the End of Determinism / 139 The Pauli Matrices / 141 Indistinguishable Particles: Bose-Einstein ``Statistics'' / 141 Enrico Fermi: A New ``Statistics'' / 143 Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac / 144 ``Bosons'' and ``Fermions'' / 147 The Uncertainty Relations of Heisenberg / 148 Nobel Acknowledgments / 152 The Fifth Solvay Council: An Assessment of the New Mechanics / 153 The German Language, the Language of Quantum Mechanics / 154 A Brief Bibliography / 155 References / 157 A Timid Infancy / 163 The Atomic Nucleus in 1913 / 163 The Discovery of Isotopes and the Measurement of Masses of Nuclei / 165 The Chemistry of Radioactive Products / 165 Frederick Soddy / 166 Isotopes / 166 The Revival of Positively Charged ``Canal Rays'' / 168 The First Physical Measurements of Atomic Masses / 168 Francis Aston and the First Mass Spectrometer / 169 The ``Whole Number Law'' and the Old Hypothesis of William Prout / 171 The Exceptional Mass of the Hydrogen Atom / 173 A Nobel Prize for the ``Whole-Number Rule'' / 175 The Atomic Masses Known in 1932: The Binding Energy of Nuclei / 176 An Enquiry Full of Surprises: $beta $ Radioactivity / 179 The Velocity of the $beta $ Electrons / 180 Otto Hahn / 180 Lise Meitner / 182 Hahn, Meitner and $beta $ Radioactivity / 184 The First ``$beta $ Spectrometer'' / 185 The Kaiser Wilhelm Institut / 186 Clouds Are Gathering / 186 James Chadwick: A Continuous $beta $ Spectrum! / 187 Is It Really a Continuous Spectrum? / 189 In Berlin: The War / 190 Lise Meitner Returns to $beta $ Radioactivity / 190 The Decisive Experiment of Charles Ellis / 191 A Scandal: Energy May Not Be Conserved! / 193 Geiger and Bothe: A ``Coincidence'' Experiment / 193 The Idea of Wolfgang Pauli / 194 But Why Are So Many Spectral Lines Observed? The Key to the Mystery / 196 The First Nuclear Reactions / 199 The First Nuclear Reaction / 200 Sir Ernest Rutherford, Cavendish Professor of Physics / 202 New Nuclear Reactions / 202 A Controversy Between Vienna and Cambridge / 203 How Do the Transmutations Occur? / 205 The Nucleus in 1920 According to Rutherford / 207 The Size of the Nucleus / 208 The Constitution of the Nucleus and of Isotopes / 208 Rutherford the Visionary: The Neutron / 209 Chadwick Hunts for New Forces / 210 The Rapid Expansion of Experimental Means / 213 Scintillation Methods / 213 The Point Counter / 214 The Geiger--Muller Counter / 215 A Digression: The Birth and Development of Wireless Radio / 216 The Electronically Amplified Ionization Chamber / 217 Coincidence Measurements / 219 The Measurement of the Energy of $gamma $ Radiation / 220 A Unique Detector: Wilson's Cloud Chamber / 222 The Atomic Nucleus in 1930 / 227 Some Certainties and One Enigma / 228 At the Beginning of 1932, the Enigma Remains / 231 References / 233 1930--1940: A Dazzling Development / 241 The Nucleus: A New Boundary / 241 Quantum Mechanics Acting in the Nucleus / 242 Salomon Rosenblum and the Fine Structure of $alpha $ Radioactivity / 244 1931: The First International Congress of Nuclear Physics / 246 The Discovery of an Exceptional Isotope: Deuterium / 249 The Discovery of the Neutron / 253 Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie / 254 Protons Are Ejected / 256 The Neutron Is Revealed / 257 Is the Neutron Lighter or Heavier than the Proton? / 258 Nuclear Theory After the Discovery of the Neutron / 263 Werner Heisenberg / 263 Ettore Majorana / 267 Eugene P. Wigner / 270 Do the Protons and Neutrons form Shells as Electrons Do in the Atom? / 271 A New Particle: The Positron / 279 Cosmic Rays / 279 Blackett and Occhialini / 280 Carl Anderson Discovers a Positive Electron / 282 The Positive Electron of Anderson and that of Dirac / 283 Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie / 286 The Birth of Particle Accelerators / 289 Direct Acceleration: A High-Voltage Race / 290 Acceleration in Steps / 295 ``Charge Independence'' of the Nuclear Force / 303 The Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity / 305 The Joliot-Curies After the Solvay Council / 307 ``A New Kind of Radioactivity'' / 308 The Chemical Proof / 309 It Spreads like Wildfire / 310 The Importance of the Discovery / 311 New Perspectives for Radioactive Indicators / 312 The Death of Marie Curie / 313 The 1935 Nobel Prizes Are Attributed to Chadwick and to the Joliot-Curies / 314 The School of Rome / 315 The Theory of $beta $ Decay / 316 Neutron Physics in Rome / 318 ``Slow'' Neutrons / 321 A New Field in Nuclear Physics / 323 Resonances / 324 Fermi Is Awarded the Nobel Prize. The End of the Rome Team / 326 The Great Exodus of Jewish Scientists Under Nazism / 327 A Proliferation of Theories: Yukawa, Breit and Wigner, Bohr / 331 Hideki Yukawa / 331 The First Theories of Nuclear Reactions / 335 The Structure of the Nucleus According to Bohr in 1937 / 338 The Death of a Giant: Ernest Rutherford / 341 Hans Bethe Sums Up the Situation in 1936--1937 / 343 Hans Albrecht Bethe / 343 The Structure of Nuclei / 344 Nuclear Reactions / 348 The Fission of Uranium / 349 A Fragile Discovery: The Transuranic Elements / 349 Loads of ``Transuranic'' Elements / 352 At the Institut du Radium / 354 Lise Meitner Flees Nazi Germany / 358 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann Set Again to Work / 359 More and More Disconcerting Results / 360 The Word Is Finally Uttered / 363 The News Spreads to the United States / 364 Confirmations / 365 Niels Bohr: The Theory of Fission, Uranium 235 / 368 The Number of Emitted Neutrons / 370 Leo Szilard / 371 Is a Chain Reaction Possible? / 372 The Last Publications Before the War / 375 Francis Perrin and the Critical Mass / 377 French Patents / 378 References / 381 The Upheavals of the Second World War / 395 A Chronology / 395 The New Face of Physics After the War / 401 Big Science: Physics on a Large Scale / 402 Team Work / 402 The H-Bomb: Political and Military Implications / 403 The American Supremacy / 404 Europe and Japan After the War / 405 Is ``Big Science'' Really the Result of the War? / 409 References / 411 The Time of Maturity / 413 New Experimental Means / 413 New Accelerators Have Ever Increasing Energies / 414 New Detectors, New Measuring Instruments / 419 Data Accumulate / 425 The Papers of Bethe / 425 Real Transuranic Nuclei / 425 The Lifetime of the Neutron / 429 Electron Scattering and the Electric Charge Distribution in Nuclei / 430 The ``Shell'' Structure of Nuclei / 433 A Model of Quasi-independent Particles? / 434 The Symmetries and Supermultiplets of Wigner and Feenberg / 434 Arguments Put Forth by Maria Goeppert-Mayer / 435 The Spin-Orbit Interaction / 436 Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen / 437 A Paradoxical Model / 438 Elastic Scattering and the ``Optical Model'' / 441 The Nucleus Is Like a Cloudy Crystal Ball / 442 ``Optical'' Attempts / 442 The Woods--Saxon ``Optical'' Potential / 443 The Computer: A Decisive Instrument / 444 Direct Nuclear Reactions / 447 The Stripping of a Deuteron / 448 Direct Reactions and Reactions Which Proceed Though the Formation of a Compound Nucleus / 452 A Collective Behavior / 455 Photonuclear Reactions / 455 Giant Resonances / 456 Are All Nuclei Spherical? / 457 The Quadrupole Moment: An Indicator of Nuclear Deformation / 458 James Rainwater and Aage Bohr / 458 Aage Bohr, the Resolution of a Paradox / 460 A Unified Model of the Nucleus / 463 Ben Mottelson / 463 New Data, New Confirmations / 464 Bohr and Mottelson: The Key to Nuclear Spectra / 465 The Birth of Nuclear Spectroscopy / 467 Nobel Awards / 468 The Nuclear Force / 469 The Discovery of the $pi $ Meson / 469 The $pi ^0$ Completes the Pion Trio / 470 The Hard Core / 471 Nuclear Matter / 473 The Challenge / 473 Keith Brueckner, Jeffrey Goldstone, Hans Bethe, and a Few Others / 474 Solid Foundations / 475 And What About Niels Bohr's Original Objection? / 476 The End of an Era / 476 References / 479 Where the Narrative Ends / 487 Glossary / 491 Bibliography of cited books / 513 Index / 521 The Periodic Law or Mendeleev table / 530

rawabstract:
\booktitle{Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus} tells the story of how, in the span of barely sixty years, we made a transition from the belief that matter was composed of indivisible atoms, to the discovery that in the heart of each atom lies a nucleus which is ten thousand times smaller than the atom, which nonetheless carries almost all its mass, and the transformations of which involve energies that could never be reached by chemical reactions. It was not a smooth transition. The nature of nuclei, their properties, the physical laws which govern their behaviour, and the possibility of controlling to some extent their transformations, were discovered in discontinuous steps, following paths which occasionally led to errors which in turn were corrected by further experimental discoveries. The story begins in 1896 when radioactivity was unexpectedly discovered and continues up to the nineteen-sixties. The authors describe the spectacular progress made by physics during that time, which not only revealed a new form of matter, namely nuclei, but also modified our way of thinking by developing quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. The book is written in a clear and non mathematical language which makes it both accessible and instructive to laymen, physicists and students, as well as to historians of science. It delves into subjects which are of utmost importance for the understanding of matter in our universe and for understanding how this knowledge was achieved.

rawTOC:
Radioactivity: The First Puzzles / 1 \\ The ``Uranic Rays'' of Henri Becquerel / 1 \\ The Discovery / 2 \\ Is It Really Phosphorescence? / 4 \\ What Is the Nature of the Radiation? / 5 \\ A Limited Impact on Scientists and the Public / 6 \\ Why 1896? / 7 \\ Was Radioactivity Discovered by Chance? / 7 \\ Polonium and Radium / 9 \\ Marya Sk{\l}odowska / 9 \\ Pierre Curie / 10 \\ Polonium and Radium: Pierre and Marie Curie Invent Radiochemistry / 11 \\ Enigmas / 14 \\ Emanation from Thorium / 17 \\ Ernest Rutherford / 17 \\ Rutherford Studies Radioactivity: $\alpha$- and $\beta$-Rays / 18 \\ $\beta$-Rays Are Electrons / 19 \\ Rutherford in Montreal: The Radiation of Thorium, the Exponential Decrease / 19 \\ ``Induced'' and ``Excited'' Radioactivity / 20 \\ Elster and Geitel: The Radioactivity of the Air and of the Earth / 22 \\ A Third Type of Ray: $\gamma$-Rays / 24 \\ The Emanation of Thorium Is a Gas Belonging to the Argon Family / 24 \\ A Proliferation of ``X'' Radiations / 25 \\ ``An Enigma, a Deeply Astonishing Subject'' / 26 \\ The Puzzle Is Disentangled / 27 \\ $\alpha$-Rays Revisited / 29 \\ Radioactivity Is an Atomic Decay / 30 \\ The Puzzle Is Unravelled: Radioactive Families / 30 \\ Where Does the Energy of Radioactivity Come from? \\ The Conjecture of Rutherford / 32 \\ Experimental Evidence of Transmutation / 35 \\ Radioactivity is Understood. Radioactive Families / 35 \\ Consecrations and Mourning: The End of an Era / 37 \\ 1903: Henri Becquerel Shares the Nobel Prize with Pierre and Marie Curie / 37 \\ The Death of Pierre Curie / 39 \\ 1908: Rutherford is Awarded the Nobel Prize / 40 \\ The Death of Henri Becquerel / 40 \\ References / 41 \\ A Nucleus at the Heart of the Atom / 47 \\ Prehistory of the Atom / 47 \\ Eighteenth Century: The Abbot Nollet / 48 \\ Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: John Dalton, William Prout, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and Amp{\`e}re / 49 \\ Do Atoms Really Exist? / 50 \\ 1865: Loschmidt Estimates the Size of Air Molecules / 51 \\ Spectral Lines: A First Indication of an Internal Structure of Atoms / 52 \\ Jean Perrin Advocates the Reality of Atoms / 52 \\ 1897: The Electrons Are in the Atom / 55 \\ Electric Discharges in Gases, Cathode Rays and the Electron / 55 \\ ``Dynamids'': The Atoms of Philipp Lenard / 55 \\ Numeric Attempts to Describe Spectral Rays: Balmer and Rydberg / 56 \\ J. J. Thomson's First Model: An Atom Consisting Entirely of Electrons / 57 \\ A Speculation of Jean Perrin: The Atom Is Like a Small Scale Solar System / 57 \\ The ``Saturn'' Model of Hantaro Nagaoka / 58 \\ The ``Plum-Pudding'' Atom of J. J. Thomson / 59 \\ Charles Barkla Measures the Number of Electrons in an Atom / 60 \\ The Scattering of $\alpha$ Particles Makes It Possible to ``See'' a Nucleus in the Atom / 63 \\ An Observation of Marie Curie / 63 \\ William Henry Bragg: The Slowing Down of $\alpha$-Particles in Matter / 63 \\ The ``Scattering'' of $\alpha$-Particles / 65 \\ The Nature of the $\alpha$-Particle: An Unresolved Question / 66 \\ The First Geiger Counter / 67 \\ The Nature of the $\alpha$-Particle / 69 \\ Another Way to Count $\alpha$-Particles: Scintillations / 70 \\ Back to the Scattering of $\alpha$-Particles / 71 \\ The Experiments of Geiger and Marsden / 72 \\ Are the Large Deviations Caused by Multiple Small Deviations? / 73 \\ Rutherford Invents the Nucleus / 74 \\ A Last Ingredient: Moseley Measures the Charge of the Nucleus in the Atom / 77 \\ Barkla Creates X-ray Spectroscopy / 77 \\ The Diffraction of X-rays: Max von Laue, William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg / 78 \\ Henry Moseley Measures the Charge of Nuclei / 79 \\ A Paradox / 81 \\ References / 83 \\ Quantum Mechanics: The Unavoidable Path / 89 \\ Branching Off / 89 \\ An Improbable Beginning / 91 \\ The Peak of Classical Mechanics / 91 \\ A Persistent Problem / 92 \\ 1900: Max Planck Invents the Quantum of the Action / 94 \\ A Quantum of Action / 96 \\ Einstein and Light Quanta / 96 \\ The Specific Heat of Solids / 99 \\ The First Solvay Council and the Theory of Quanta / 99 \\ Niels Bohr: The Quanta Are in the Atom / 103 \\ Bohr Introduces Quanta in the Theory of the Atom / 103 \\ ``On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules'' / 105 \\ Two Other Papers in Bohr's 1913 Trilogy / 108 \\ 1913--1923: Victories and Setbacks / 109 \\ Skepticism, Enthusiasm and Adhesion / 109 \\ Confirmation: The Experiment of Franck and Hertz / 110 \\ A Proliferation of Optical Lines: The Zeeman and Stark Effects / 110 \\ Arnold Sommerfeld: Elliptic Orbits and New Quantum Numbers / 111 \\ Relativistic Corrections and the Fine Structure Constant / 112 \\ A Hoax! / 113 \\ A Further Contribution of Einstein: The Interaction Between Radiation and Matter / 113 \\ The Stark Effect: A Victory of the Theory of Quanta / 114 \\ The ``Correspondence Principle'' / 115 \\ Kossel, Bohr and the Mendeleev Table / 116 \\ The Rare Earths / 118 \\ 1918, 1921 and 1922: Three Nobel Prizes Attributed to Quanta / 118 \\ 1925: Spin and the Pauli Principle / 121 \\ Wolfgang Pauli / 121 \\ Max Born / 122 \\ The Stern and Gerlach Experiment / 123 \\ The Compton Effect / 124 \\ A Strange Explanation of the Zeeman Effect / 125 \\ Pauli's Exclusion Principle / 126 \\ The ``Spin'' of the Electron / 127 \\ Quantum Mechanics / 131 \\ Louis de Broglie / 131 \\ Heisenberg and Matrix Mechanics / 133 \\ New Physics / 135 \\ Pauli Applies the New Mechanics to the Spectrum of Hydrogen / 136 \\ The Schr{\"o}dinger Equation / 136 \\ Heisenberg and Schr{\"o}dinger, Two Sides of the Same Coin / 139 \\ The Probabilistic Interpretation of Max Born and the End of Determinism / 139 \\ The Pauli Matrices / 141 \\ Indistinguishable Particles: Bose-Einstein ``Statistics'' / 141 \\ Enrico Fermi: A New ``Statistics'' / 143 \\ Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac / 144 \\ ``Bosons'' and ``Fermions'' / 147 \\ The Uncertainty Relations of Heisenberg / 148 \\ Nobel Acknowledgments / 152 \\ The Fifth Solvay Council: An Assessment of the New Mechanics / 153 \\ The German Language, the Language of Quantum Mechanics / 154 \\ A Brief Bibliography / 155 \\ References / 157 \\ A Timid Infancy / 163 \\ The Atomic Nucleus in 1913 / 163 \\ The Discovery of Isotopes and the Measurement of Masses of Nuclei / 165 \\ The Chemistry of Radioactive Products / 165 \\ Frederick Soddy / 166 \\ Isotopes / 166 \\ The Revival of Positively Charged ``Canal Rays'' / 168 \\ The First Physical Measurements of Atomic Masses / 168 \\ Francis Aston and the First Mass Spectrometer / 169 \\ The ``Whole Number Law'' and the Old Hypothesis of William Prout / 171 \\ The Exceptional Mass of the Hydrogen Atom / 173 \\ A Nobel Prize for the ``Whole-Number Rule'' / 175 \\ The Atomic Masses Known in 1932: The Binding Energy of Nuclei / 176 \\ An Enquiry Full of Surprises: $\beta$ Radioactivity / 179 \\ The Velocity of the $\beta$ Electrons / 180 \\ Otto Hahn / 180 \\ Lise Meitner / 182 \\ Hahn, Meitner and $\beta$ Radioactivity / 184 \\ The First ``$\beta$ Spectrometer'' / 185 \\ The Kaiser Wilhelm Institut / 186 \\ Clouds Are Gathering / 186 \\ James Chadwick: A Continuous $\beta$ Spectrum! / 187 \\ Is It Really a Continuous Spectrum? / 189 \\ In Berlin: The War / 190 \\ Lise Meitner Returns to $\beta$ Radioactivity / 190 \\ The Decisive Experiment of Charles Ellis / 191 \\ A Scandal: Energy May Not Be Conserved! / 193 \\ Geiger and Bothe: A ``Coincidence'' Experiment / 193 \\ The Idea of Wolfgang Pauli / 194 \\ But Why Are So Many Spectral Lines Observed? The Key to the Mystery / 196 \\ The First Nuclear Reactions / 199 \\ The First Nuclear Reaction / 200 \\ Sir Ernest Rutherford, Cavendish Professor of Physics / 202 \\ New Nuclear Reactions / 202 \\ A Controversy Between Vienna and Cambridge / 203 \\ How Do the Transmutations Occur? / 205 \\ The Nucleus in 1920 According to Rutherford / 207 \\ The Size of the Nucleus / 208 \\ The Constitution of the Nucleus and of Isotopes / 208 \\ Rutherford the Visionary: The Neutron / 209 \\ Chadwick Hunts for New Forces / 210 \\ The Rapid Expansion of Experimental Means / 213 \\ Scintillation Methods / 213 \\ The Point Counter / 214 \\ The Geiger--M{\"u}ller Counter / 215 \\ A Digression: The Birth and Development of Wireless Radio / 216 \\ The Electronically Amplified Ionization Chamber / 217 \\ Coincidence Measurements / 219 \\ The Measurement of the Energy of $\gamma$ Radiation / 220 \\ A Unique Detector: Wilson's Cloud Chamber / 222 \\ The Atomic Nucleus in 1930 / 227 \\ Some Certainties and One Enigma / 228 \\ At the Beginning of 1932, the Enigma Remains / 231 \\ References / 233 \\ 1930--1940: A Dazzling Development / 241 \\ The Nucleus: A New Boundary / 241 \\ Quantum Mechanics Acting in the Nucleus / 242 \\ Salomon Rosenblum and the Fine Structure of $\alpha$ Radioactivity / 244 \\ 1931: The First International Congress of Nuclear Physics / 246 \\ The Discovery of an Exceptional Isotope: Deuterium / 249 \\ The Discovery of the Neutron / 253 \\ Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Ir{\`e}ne Joliot-Curie / 254 \\ Protons Are Ejected / 256 \\ The Neutron Is Revealed / 257 \\ Is the Neutron Lighter or Heavier than the Proton? / 258 \\ Nuclear Theory After the Discovery of the Neutron / 263 \\ Werner Heisenberg / 263 \\ Ettore Majorana / 267 \\ Eugene P. Wigner / 270 \\ Do the Protons and Neutrons form Shells as Electrons Do in the Atom? / 271 \\ A New Particle: The Positron / 279 \\ Cosmic Rays / 279 \\ Blackett and Occhialini / 280 \\ Carl Anderson Discovers a Positive Electron / 282 \\ The Positive Electron of Anderson and that of Dirac / 283 \\ Ir{\`e}ne and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Joliot-Curie / 286 \\ The Birth of Particle Accelerators / 289 \\ Direct Acceleration: A High-Voltage Race / 290 \\ Acceleration in Steps / 295 \\ ``Charge Independence'' of the Nuclear Force / 303 \\ The Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity / 305 \\ The Joliot-Curies After the Solvay Council / 307 \\ ``A New Kind of Radioactivity'' / 308 \\ The Chemical Proof / 309 \\ It Spreads like Wildfire / 310 \\ The Importance of the Discovery / 311 \\ New Perspectives for Radioactive Indicators / 312 \\ The Death of Marie Curie / 313 \\ The 1935 Nobel Prizes Are Attributed to Chadwick and to the Joliot-Curies / 314 \\ The School of Rome / 315 \\ The Theory of $\beta$ Decay / 316 \\ Neutron Physics in Rome / 318 \\ ``Slow'' Neutrons / 321 \\ A New Field in Nuclear Physics / 323 \\ Resonances / 324 \\ Fermi Is Awarded the Nobel Prize. The End of the Rome Team / 326 \\ The Great Exodus of Jewish Scientists Under Nazism / 327 \\ A Proliferation of Theories: Yukawa, Breit and Wigner, Bohr / 331 \\ Hideki Yukawa / 331 \\ The First Theories of Nuclear Reactions / 335 \\ The Structure of the Nucleus According to Bohr in 1937 / 338 \\ The Death of a Giant: Ernest Rutherford / 341 \\ Hans Bethe Sums Up the Situation in 1936--1937 / 343 \\ Hans Albrecht Bethe / 343 \\ The Structure of Nuclei / 344 \\ Nuclear Reactions / 348 \\ The Fission of Uranium / 349 \\ A Fragile Discovery: The Transuranic Elements / 349 \\ Loads of ``Transuranic'' Elements / 352 \\ At the Institut du Radium / 354 \\ Lise Meitner Flees Nazi Germany / 358 \\ Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann Set Again to Work / 359 \\ More and More Disconcerting Results / 360 \\ The Word Is Finally Uttered / 363 \\ The News Spreads to the United States / 364 \\ Confirmations / 365 \\ Niels Bohr: The Theory of Fission, Uranium 235 / 368 \\ The Number of Emitted Neutrons / 370 \\ Leo Szilard / 371 \\ Is a Chain Reaction Possible? / 372 \\ The Last Publications Before the War / 375 \\ Francis Perrin and the Critical Mass / 377 \\ French Patents / 378 \\ References / 381 \\ The Upheavals of the Second World War / 395 \\ A Chronology / 395 \\ The New Face of Physics After the War / 401 \\ Big Science: Physics on a Large Scale / 402 \\ Team Work / 402 \\ The H-Bomb: Political and Military Implications / 403 \\ The American Supremacy / 404 \\ Europe and Japan After the War / 405 \\ Is ``Big Science'' Really the Result of the War? / 409 \\ References / 411 \\ The Time of Maturity / 413 \\ New Experimental Means / 413 \\ New Accelerators Have Ever Increasing Energies / 414 \\ New Detectors, New Measuring Instruments / 419 \\ Data Accumulate / 425 \\ The Papers of Bethe / 425 \\ Real Transuranic Nuclei / 425 \\ The Lifetime of the Neutron / 429 \\ Electron Scattering and the Electric Charge Distribution in Nuclei / 430 \\ The ``Shell'' Structure of Nuclei / 433 \\ A Model of Quasi-independent Particles? / 434 \\ The Symmetries and Supermultiplets of Wigner and Feenberg / 434 \\ Arguments Put Forth by Maria Goeppert-Mayer / 435 \\ The Spin-Orbit Interaction / 436 \\ Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen / 437 \\ A Paradoxical Model / 438 \\ Elastic Scattering and the ``Optical Model'' / 441 \\ The Nucleus Is Like a Cloudy Crystal Ball / 442 \\ ``Optical'' Attempts / 442 \\ The Woods--Saxon ``Optical'' Potential / 443 \\ The Computer: A Decisive Instrument / 444 \\ Direct Nuclear Reactions / 447 \\ The Stripping of a Deuteron / 448 \\ Direct Reactions and Reactions Which Proceed Though the Formation of a Compound Nucleus / 452 \\ A Collective Behavior / 455 \\ Photonuclear Reactions / 455 \\ Giant Resonances / 456 \\ Are All Nuclei Spherical? / 457 \\ The Quadrupole Moment: An Indicator of Nuclear Deformation / 458 \\ James Rainwater and Aage Bohr / 458 \\ Aage Bohr, the Resolution of a Paradox / 460 \\ A Unified Model of the Nucleus / 463 \\ Ben Mottelson / 463 \\ New Data, New Confirmations / 464 \\ Bohr and Mottelson: The Key to Nuclear Spectra / 465 \\ The Birth of Nuclear Spectroscopy / 467 \\ Nobel Awards / 468 \\ The Nuclear Force / 469 \\ The Discovery of the $\pi$ Meson / 469 \\ The $\pi^0$ Completes the Pion Trio / 470 \\ The Hard Core / 471 \\ Nuclear Matter / 473 \\ The Challenge / 473 \\ Keith Brueckner, Jeffrey Goldstone, Hans Bethe, and a Few Others / 474 \\ Solid Foundations / 475 \\ And What About Niels Bohr's Original Objection? / 476 \\ The End of an Era / 476 \\ References / 479 \\ Where the Narrative Ends / 487 \\ Glossary / 491 \\ Bibliography of cited books / 513 \\ Index / 521 \\ The Periodic Law or Mendeleev table / 530

entry:
@Book{Fernandez:2013:UMA,
  author =       "Bernard Fernandez and Georges Ripka",
  booktitle =    "Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus --- a
                 Sixty Year Journey 1896--1956",
  title =        "Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus --- a
                 Sixty Year Journey 1896--1956",
  publisher =    pub-SV,
  address =      pub-SV:adr,
  pages =        "xviii + 522",
  year =         "2013",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4181-6",
  ISBN =         "1-4614-4180-3 (hardcover), 1-4614-4181-1 (e-book)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-4614-4180-9 (hardcover), 978-1-4614-4181-6
                 (e-book)",
  LCCN =         "QC773 .F47 2013",
  bibdate =      "Mon Apr 23 15:26:52 MDT 2018",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bethe-hans.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/born-max.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/debroglie-louis.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/d/dirac-p-a-m.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/fermi-enrico.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/g/gamow-george.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/h/heisenberg-werner.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/pauli-wolfgang.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/peierls-rudolf.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/p/planck-max.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutherford-ernest.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/schroedinger-erwin.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/w/wigner-eugene.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib",
  abstract =     "\booktitle{Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic
                 Nucleus} tells the story of how, in the span of barely
                 sixty years, we made a transition from the belief that
                 matter was composed of indivisible atoms, to the
                 discovery that in the heart of each atom lies a nucleus
                 which is ten thousand times smaller than the atom,
                 which nonetheless carries almost all its mass, and the
                 transformations of which involve energies that could
                 never be reached by chemical reactions. It was not a
                 smooth transition. The nature of nuclei, their
                 properties, the physical laws which govern their
                 behaviour, and the possibility of controlling to some
                 extent their transformations, were discovered in
                 discontinuous steps, following paths which occasionally
                 led to errors which in turn were corrected by further
                 experimental discoveries. The story begins in 1896 when
                 radioactivity was unexpectedly discovered and continues
                 up to the nineteen-sixties. The authors describe the
                 spectacular progress made by physics during that time,
                 which not only revealed a new form of matter, namely
                 nuclei, but also modified our way of thinking by
                 developing quantum mechanics and the theory of
                 relativity. The book is written in a clear and non
                 mathematical language which makes it both accessible
                 and instructive to laymen, physicists and students, as
                 well as to historians of science. It delves into
                 subjects which are of utmost importance for the
                 understanding of matter in our universe and for
                 understanding how this knowledge was achieved.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "Substantially revised by the authors from the French
                 original, \booktitle{De l atome au noyau. Une approche
                 historique et de la physique nucl{\'e}aire}, Ellipses
                 (2006), and viewed by them as a second edition.",
  subject =      "Nuclear physics; History; stralingschemie;
                 deeltjesfysica; Pure sciences. Natural sciences
                 (general); quarks; History of physics; Nuclear
                 chemistry; wetenschapsgeschiedenis; Physics; fysica;
                 Nuclear physics.",
  tableofcontents = "Radioactivity: The First Puzzles / 1 \\
                 The ``Uranic Rays'' of Henri Becquerel / 1 \\
                 The Discovery / 2 \\
                 Is It Really Phosphorescence? / 4 \\
                 What Is the Nature of the Radiation? / 5 \\
                 A Limited Impact on Scientists and the Public / 6 \\
                 Why 1896? / 7 \\
                 Was Radioactivity Discovered by Chance? / 7 \\
                 Polonium and Radium / 9 \\
                 Marya Sk{\l}odowska / 9 \\
                 Pierre Curie / 10 \\
                 Polonium and Radium: Pierre and Marie Curie Invent
                 Radiochemistry / 11 \\
                 Enigmas / 14 \\
                 Emanation from Thorium / 17 \\
                 Ernest Rutherford / 17 \\
                 Rutherford Studies Radioactivity: $\alpha$- and
                 $\beta$-Rays / 18 \\
                 $\beta$-Rays Are Electrons / 19 \\
                 Rutherford in Montreal: The Radiation of Thorium, the
                 Exponential Decrease / 19 \\
                 ``Induced'' and ``Excited'' Radioactivity / 20 \\
                 Elster and Geitel: The Radioactivity of the Air and of
                 the Earth / 22 \\
                 A Third Type of Ray: $\gamma$-Rays / 24 \\
                 The Emanation of Thorium Is a Gas Belonging to the
                 Argon Family / 24 \\
                 A Proliferation of ``X'' Radiations / 25 \\
                 ``An Enigma, a Deeply Astonishing Subject'' / 26 \\
                 The Puzzle Is Disentangled / 27 \\
                 $\alpha$-Rays Revisited / 29 \\
                 Radioactivity Is an Atomic Decay / 30 \\
                 The Puzzle Is Unravelled: Radioactive Families / 30 \\
                 Where Does the Energy of Radioactivity Come from? \\
                 The Conjecture of Rutherford / 32 \\
                 Experimental Evidence of Transmutation / 35 \\
                 Radioactivity is Understood. Radioactive Families / 35
                 \\
                 Consecrations and Mourning: The End of an Era / 37 \\
                 1903: Henri Becquerel Shares the Nobel Prize with
                 Pierre and Marie Curie / 37 \\
                 The Death of Pierre Curie / 39 \\
                 1908: Rutherford is Awarded the Nobel Prize / 40 \\
                 The Death of Henri Becquerel / 40 \\
                 References / 41 \\
                 A Nucleus at the Heart of the Atom / 47 \\
                 Prehistory of the Atom / 47 \\
                 Eighteenth Century: The Abbot Nollet / 48 \\
                 Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: John Dalton,
                 William Prout, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and Amp{\`e}re /
                 49 \\
                 Do Atoms Really Exist? / 50 \\
                 1865: Loschmidt Estimates the Size of Air Molecules /
                 51 \\
                 Spectral Lines: A First Indication of an Internal
                 Structure of Atoms / 52 \\
                 Jean Perrin Advocates the Reality of Atoms / 52 \\
                 1897: The Electrons Are in the Atom / 55 \\
                 Electric Discharges in Gases, Cathode Rays and the
                 Electron / 55 \\
                 ``Dynamids'': The Atoms of Philipp Lenard / 55 \\
                 Numeric Attempts to Describe Spectral Rays: Balmer and
                 Rydberg / 56 \\
                 J. J. Thomson's First Model: An Atom Consisting
                 Entirely of Electrons / 57 \\
                 A Speculation of Jean Perrin: The Atom Is Like a Small
                 Scale Solar System / 57 \\
                 The ``Saturn'' Model of Hantaro Nagaoka / 58 \\
                 The ``Plum-Pudding'' Atom of J. J. Thomson / 59 \\
                 Charles Barkla Measures the Number of Electrons in an
                 Atom / 60 \\
                 The Scattering of $\alpha$ Particles Makes It Possible
                 to ``See'' a Nucleus in the Atom / 63 \\
                 An Observation of Marie Curie / 63 \\
                 William Henry Bragg: The Slowing Down of
                 $\alpha$-Particles in Matter / 63 \\
                 The ``Scattering'' of $\alpha$-Particles / 65 \\
                 The Nature of the $\alpha$-Particle: An Unresolved
                 Question / 66 \\
                 The First Geiger Counter / 67 \\
                 The Nature of the $\alpha$-Particle / 69 \\
                 Another Way to Count $\alpha$-Particles: Scintillations
                 / 70 \\
                 Back to the Scattering of $\alpha$-Particles / 71 \\
                 The Experiments of Geiger and Marsden / 72 \\
                 Are the Large Deviations Caused by Multiple Small
                 Deviations? / 73 \\
                 Rutherford Invents the Nucleus / 74 \\
                 A Last Ingredient: Moseley Measures the Charge of the
                 Nucleus in the Atom / 77 \\
                 Barkla Creates X-ray Spectroscopy / 77 \\
                 The Diffraction of X-rays: Max von Laue, William Henry
                 and William Lawrence Bragg / 78 \\
                 Henry Moseley Measures the Charge of Nuclei / 79 \\
                 A Paradox / 81 \\
                 References / 83 \\
                 Quantum Mechanics: The Unavoidable Path / 89 \\
                 Branching Off / 89 \\
                 An Improbable Beginning / 91 \\
                 The Peak of Classical Mechanics / 91 \\
                 A Persistent Problem / 92 \\
                 1900: Max Planck Invents the Quantum of the Action / 94
                 \\
                 A Quantum of Action / 96 \\
                 Einstein and Light Quanta / 96 \\
                 The Specific Heat of Solids / 99 \\
                 The First Solvay Council and the Theory of Quanta / 99
                 \\
                 Niels Bohr: The Quanta Are in the Atom / 103 \\
                 Bohr Introduces Quanta in the Theory of the Atom / 103
                 \\
                 ``On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules'' / 105
                 \\
                 Two Other Papers in Bohr's 1913 Trilogy / 108 \\
                 1913--1923: Victories and Setbacks / 109 \\
                 Skepticism, Enthusiasm and Adhesion / 109 \\
                 Confirmation: The Experiment of Franck and Hertz / 110
                 \\
                 A Proliferation of Optical Lines: The Zeeman and Stark
                 Effects / 110 \\
                 Arnold Sommerfeld: Elliptic Orbits and New Quantum
                 Numbers / 111 \\
                 Relativistic Corrections and the Fine Structure
                 Constant / 112 \\
                 A Hoax! / 113 \\
                 A Further Contribution of Einstein: The Interaction
                 Between Radiation and Matter / 113 \\
                 The Stark Effect: A Victory of the Theory of Quanta /
                 114 \\
                 The ``Correspondence Principle'' / 115 \\
                 Kossel, Bohr and the Mendeleev Table / 116 \\
                 The Rare Earths / 118 \\
                 1918, 1921 and 1922: Three Nobel Prizes Attributed to
                 Quanta / 118 \\
                 1925: Spin and the Pauli Principle / 121 \\
                 Wolfgang Pauli / 121 \\
                 Max Born / 122 \\
                 The Stern and Gerlach Experiment / 123 \\
                 The Compton Effect / 124 \\
                 A Strange Explanation of the Zeeman Effect / 125 \\
                 Pauli's Exclusion Principle / 126 \\
                 The ``Spin'' of the Electron / 127 \\
                 Quantum Mechanics / 131 \\
                 Louis de Broglie / 131 \\
                 Heisenberg and Matrix Mechanics / 133 \\
                 New Physics / 135 \\
                 Pauli Applies the New Mechanics to the Spectrum of
                 Hydrogen / 136 \\
                 The Schr{\"o}dinger Equation / 136 \\
                 Heisenberg and Schr{\"o}dinger, Two Sides of the Same
                 Coin / 139 \\
                 The Probabilistic Interpretation of Max Born and the
                 End of Determinism / 139 \\
                 The Pauli Matrices / 141 \\
                 Indistinguishable Particles: Bose-Einstein
                 ``Statistics'' / 141 \\
                 Enrico Fermi: A New ``Statistics'' / 143 \\
                 Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac / 144 \\
                 ``Bosons'' and ``Fermions'' / 147 \\
                 The Uncertainty Relations of Heisenberg / 148 \\
                 Nobel Acknowledgments / 152 \\
                 The Fifth Solvay Council: An Assessment of the New
                 Mechanics / 153 \\
                 The German Language, the Language of Quantum Mechanics
                 / 154 \\
                 A Brief Bibliography / 155 \\
                 References / 157 \\
                 A Timid Infancy / 163 \\
                 The Atomic Nucleus in 1913 / 163 \\
                 The Discovery of Isotopes and the Measurement of Masses
                 of Nuclei / 165 \\
                 The Chemistry of Radioactive Products / 165 \\
                 Frederick Soddy / 166 \\
                 Isotopes / 166 \\
                 The Revival of Positively Charged ``Canal Rays'' / 168
                 \\
                 The First Physical Measurements of Atomic Masses / 168
                 \\
                 Francis Aston and the First Mass Spectrometer / 169 \\
                 The ``Whole Number Law'' and the Old Hypothesis of
                 William Prout / 171 \\
                 The Exceptional Mass of the Hydrogen Atom / 173 \\
                 A Nobel Prize for the ``Whole-Number Rule'' / 175 \\
                 The Atomic Masses Known in 1932: The Binding Energy of
                 Nuclei / 176 \\
                 An Enquiry Full of Surprises: $\beta$ Radioactivity /
                 179 \\
                 The Velocity of the $\beta$ Electrons / 180 \\
                 Otto Hahn / 180 \\
                 Lise Meitner / 182 \\
                 Hahn, Meitner and $\beta$ Radioactivity / 184 \\
                 The First ``$\beta$ Spectrometer'' / 185 \\
                 The Kaiser Wilhelm Institut / 186 \\
                 Clouds Are Gathering / 186 \\
                 James Chadwick: A Continuous $\beta$ Spectrum! / 187
                 \\
                 Is It Really a Continuous Spectrum? / 189 \\
                 In Berlin: The War / 190 \\
                 Lise Meitner Returns to $\beta$ Radioactivity / 190 \\
                 The Decisive Experiment of Charles Ellis / 191 \\
                 A Scandal: Energy May Not Be Conserved! / 193 \\
                 Geiger and Bothe: A ``Coincidence'' Experiment / 193
                 \\
                 The Idea of Wolfgang Pauli / 194 \\
                 But Why Are So Many Spectral Lines Observed? The Key to
                 the Mystery / 196 \\
                 The First Nuclear Reactions / 199 \\
                 The First Nuclear Reaction / 200 \\
                 Sir Ernest Rutherford, Cavendish Professor of Physics /
                 202 \\
                 New Nuclear Reactions / 202 \\
                 A Controversy Between Vienna and Cambridge / 203 \\
                 How Do the Transmutations Occur? / 205 \\
                 The Nucleus in 1920 According to Rutherford / 207 \\
                 The Size of the Nucleus / 208 \\
                 The Constitution of the Nucleus and of Isotopes / 208
                 \\
                 Rutherford the Visionary: The Neutron / 209 \\
                 Chadwick Hunts for New Forces / 210 \\
                 The Rapid Expansion of Experimental Means / 213 \\
                 Scintillation Methods / 213 \\
                 The Point Counter / 214 \\
                 The Geiger--M{\"u}ller Counter / 215 \\
                 A Digression: The Birth and Development of Wireless
                 Radio / 216 \\
                 The Electronically Amplified Ionization Chamber / 217
                 \\
                 Coincidence Measurements / 219 \\
                 The Measurement of the Energy of $\gamma$ Radiation /
                 220 \\
                 A Unique Detector: Wilson's Cloud Chamber / 222 \\
                 The Atomic Nucleus in 1930 / 227 \\
                 Some Certainties and One Enigma / 228 \\
                 At the Beginning of 1932, the Enigma Remains / 231 \\
                 References / 233 \\
                 1930--1940: A Dazzling Development / 241 \\
                 The Nucleus: A New Boundary / 241 \\
                 Quantum Mechanics Acting in the Nucleus / 242 \\
                 Salomon Rosenblum and the Fine Structure of $\alpha$
                 Radioactivity / 244 \\
                 1931: The First International Congress of Nuclear
                 Physics / 246 \\
                 The Discovery of an Exceptional Isotope: Deuterium /
                 249 \\
                 The Discovery of the Neutron / 253 \\
                 Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Ir{\`e}ne Joliot-Curie / 254 \\
                 Protons Are Ejected / 256 \\
                 The Neutron Is Revealed / 257 \\
                 Is the Neutron Lighter or Heavier than the Proton? /
                 258 \\
                 Nuclear Theory After the Discovery of the Neutron / 263
                 \\
                 Werner Heisenberg / 263 \\
                 Ettore Majorana / 267 \\
                 Eugene P. Wigner / 270 \\
                 Do the Protons and Neutrons form Shells as Electrons Do
                 in the Atom? / 271 \\
                 A New Particle: The Positron / 279 \\
                 Cosmic Rays / 279 \\
                 Blackett and Occhialini / 280 \\
                 Carl Anderson Discovers a Positive Electron / 282 \\
                 The Positive Electron of Anderson and that of Dirac /
                 283 \\
                 Ir{\`e}ne and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Joliot-Curie / 286 \\
                 The Birth of Particle Accelerators / 289 \\
                 Direct Acceleration: A High-Voltage Race / 290 \\
                 Acceleration in Steps / 295 \\
                 ``Charge Independence'' of the Nuclear Force / 303 \\
                 The Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity / 305 \\
                 The Joliot-Curies After the Solvay Council / 307 \\
                 ``A New Kind of Radioactivity'' / 308 \\
                 The Chemical Proof / 309 \\
                 It Spreads like Wildfire / 310 \\
                 The Importance of the Discovery / 311 \\
                 New Perspectives for Radioactive Indicators / 312 \\
                 The Death of Marie Curie / 313 \\
                 The 1935 Nobel Prizes Are Attributed to Chadwick and to
                 the Joliot-Curies / 314 \\
                 The School of Rome / 315 \\
                 The Theory of $\beta$ Decay / 316 \\
                 Neutron Physics in Rome / 318 \\
                 ``Slow'' Neutrons / 321 \\
                 A New Field in Nuclear Physics / 323 \\
                 Resonances / 324 \\
                 Fermi Is Awarded the Nobel Prize. The End of the Rome
                 Team / 326 \\
                 The Great Exodus of Jewish Scientists Under Nazism /
                 327 \\
                 A Proliferation of Theories: Yukawa, Breit and Wigner,
                 Bohr / 331 \\
                 Hideki Yukawa / 331 \\
                 The First Theories of Nuclear Reactions / 335 \\
                 The Structure of the Nucleus According to Bohr in 1937
                 / 338 \\
                 The Death of a Giant: Ernest Rutherford / 341 \\
                 Hans Bethe Sums Up the Situation in 1936--1937 / 343
                 \\
                 Hans Albrecht Bethe / 343 \\
                 The Structure of Nuclei / 344 \\
                 Nuclear Reactions / 348 \\
                 The Fission of Uranium / 349 \\
                 A Fragile Discovery: The Transuranic Elements / 349 \\
                 Loads of ``Transuranic'' Elements / 352 \\
                 At the Institut du Radium / 354 \\
                 Lise Meitner Flees Nazi Germany / 358 \\
                 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann Set Again to Work / 359
                 \\
                 More and More Disconcerting Results / 360 \\
                 The Word Is Finally Uttered / 363 \\
                 The News Spreads to the United States / 364 \\
                 Confirmations / 365 \\
                 Niels Bohr: The Theory of Fission, Uranium 235 / 368
                 \\
                 The Number of Emitted Neutrons / 370 \\
                 Leo Szilard / 371 \\
                 Is a Chain Reaction Possible? / 372 \\
                 The Last Publications Before the War / 375 \\
                 Francis Perrin and the Critical Mass / 377 \\
                 French Patents / 378 \\
                 References / 381 \\
                 The Upheavals of the Second World War / 395 \\
                 A Chronology / 395 \\
                 The New Face of Physics After the War / 401 \\
                 Big Science: Physics on a Large Scale / 402 \\
                 Team Work / 402 \\
                 The H-Bomb: Political and Military Implications / 403
                 \\
                 The American Supremacy / 404 \\
                 Europe and Japan After the War / 405 \\
                 Is ``Big Science'' Really the Result of the War? / 409
                 \\
                 References / 411 \\
                 The Time of Maturity / 413 \\
                 New Experimental Means / 413 \\
                 New Accelerators Have Ever Increasing Energies / 414
                 \\
                 New Detectors, New Measuring Instruments / 419 \\
                 Data Accumulate / 425 \\
                 The Papers of Bethe / 425 \\
                 Real Transuranic Nuclei / 425 \\
                 The Lifetime of the Neutron / 429 \\
                 Electron Scattering and the Electric Charge
                 Distribution in Nuclei / 430 \\
                 The ``Shell'' Structure of Nuclei / 433 \\
                 A Model of Quasi-independent Particles? / 434 \\
                 The Symmetries and Supermultiplets of Wigner and
                 Feenberg / 434 \\
                 Arguments Put Forth by Maria Goeppert-Mayer / 435 \\
                 The Spin-Orbit Interaction / 436 \\
                 Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen / 437 \\
                 A Paradoxical Model / 438 \\
                 Elastic Scattering and the ``Optical Model'' / 441 \\
                 The Nucleus Is Like a Cloudy Crystal Ball / 442 \\
                 ``Optical'' Attempts / 442 \\
                 The Woods--Saxon ``Optical'' Potential / 443 \\
                 The Computer: A Decisive Instrument / 444 \\
                 Direct Nuclear Reactions / 447 \\
                 The Stripping of a Deuteron / 448 \\
                 Direct Reactions and Reactions Which Proceed Though the
                 Formation of a Compound Nucleus / 452 \\
                 A Collective Behavior / 455 \\
                 Photonuclear Reactions / 455 \\
                 Giant Resonances / 456 \\
                 Are All Nuclei Spherical? / 457 \\
                 The Quadrupole Moment: An Indicator of Nuclear
                 Deformation / 458 \\
                 James Rainwater and Aage Bohr / 458 \\
                 Aage Bohr, the Resolution of a Paradox / 460 \\
                 A Unified Model of the Nucleus / 463 \\
                 Ben Mottelson / 463 \\
                 New Data, New Confirmations / 464 \\
                 Bohr and Mottelson: The Key to Nuclear Spectra / 465
                 \\
                 The Birth of Nuclear Spectroscopy / 467 \\
                 Nobel Awards / 468 \\
                 The Nuclear Force / 469 \\
                 The Discovery of the $\pi$ Meson / 469 \\
                 The $\pi^0$ Completes the Pion Trio / 470 \\
                 The Hard Core / 471 \\
                 Nuclear Matter / 473 \\
                 The Challenge / 473 \\
                 Keith Brueckner, Jeffrey Goldstone, Hans Bethe, and a
                 Few Others / 474 \\
                 Solid Foundations / 475 \\
                 And What About Niels Bohr's Original Objection? / 476
                 \\
                 The End of an Era / 476 \\
                 References / 479 \\
                 Where the Narrative Ends / 487 \\
                 Glossary / 491 \\
                 Bibliography of cited books / 513 \\
                 Index / 521 \\
                 The Periodic Law or Mendeleev table / 530",
}


bibtype: book
filename: szilard-leo.bib
label: Reed:2015:ABS
author: Bruce Cameron Reed
publisher: Morgan and Claypool Publishers and IOP Publishing
address: San Rafael, CA, USA and Bristol, UK
pages: 239 (est.)
year: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/978-1-6270-5991-6
ISSN: 2053-2571 (print), 2054-7307 (electronic) OR 20532571 (print), 20547307 (electronic)
ISSNL: 2053-2571 OR 20532571
LCCN: QC773.3.U5 R443 2015eb
bibdate: Tue Dec 8 08:41:58 MST 2015
bibtimestamp: 2015.12.08 08:41:58 MST
series: IOP concise physics
URL: http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-1-6270-5991-6
remark: Version 20140601.
subject: Atomic bomb; United States; History; Nuclear physics.; SCIENCE / Physics / Nuclear.; Atomic bomb.
acknowledgement: ack-nhfb
rawauthor: Bruce Cameron Reed
booktitle:
The atomic bomb: the story of the Manhattan Project: how nuclear physics became a global geopolitical game-changer

title:
The atomic bomb: the story of the Manhattan Project: how nuclear physics became a global geopolitical game-changer

ISBN:
1-62705-990-3 (print), 1-62705-991-1 (e-book), 1-62705-993-8 (mobi) OR 1627059903 (print), 1627059911 (ebook), 1627059938 (mobi)

ISBN13:
978-1-62705-990-9 (print), 978-1-62705-991-6 (e-book), 978-1-62705-993-0 (mobi) OR 9781627059909 (print), 9781627059916 (ebook), 9781627059930 (mobi)

bibsource:
fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutherford-ernest.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib

abstract:
This volume, prepared by an acknowledged expert on the Manhattan Project, gives a concise, fast-paced account of all major aspects of the project at a level accessible to an undergraduate college or advanced high-school student familiar with some basic concepts of energy, atomic structure, and isotopes. The text describes the underlying scientific discoveries that made nuclear weapons possible, how the project was organized, the daunting challenges faced and overcome in obtaining fissile uranium and plutonium, and in designing workable bombs, the dramatic Trinity test carried out in the desert of southern New Mexico in July 1945, and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

TOC:
Preface Introduction and overview Prologue Some scientific preliminaries The Manhattan Project: a survey The background science Energy units, nuclear reactions and decay processes The neutron, artificial radioactivity and new elements Nuclear fission: discovery Nuclear fission: interpretation Plutonium The Manhattan Project Szilard, Einstein, the President and MAUD The Compton committee and the Manhattan Engineer District Bomb design: Los Alamos Uranium enrichment: the Clinton Engineer Works Plutonium: the pile program Trinity, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Target selection Postwar planning begins The missions Aftermath The Legacy of Manhattan and current nuclear weapons deployments Postwar political developments The super and the P-5 Nuclear tests, deployments and treaties Epilogue

rawabstract:
This volume, prepared by an acknowledged expert on the Manhattan Project, gives a concise, fast-paced account of all major aspects of the project at a level accessible to an undergraduate college or advanced high-school student familiar with some basic concepts of energy, atomic structure, and isotopes. The text describes the underlying scientific discoveries that made nuclear weapons possible, how the project was organized, the daunting challenges faced and overcome in obtaining fissile uranium and plutonium, and in designing workable bombs, the dramatic Trinity test carried out in the desert of southern New Mexico in July 1945, and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

rawbooktitle:
The atomic bomb: the story of the {Manhattan Project}: how nuclear physics became a global geopolitical game-changer

rawtitle:
The atomic bomb: the story of the {Manhattan Project}: how nuclear physics became a global geopolitical game-changer

rawTOC:
Preface \\ Introduction and overview \\ Prologue \\ Some scientific preliminaries \\ The Manhattan Project: a survey \\ The background science \\ Energy units, nuclear reactions and decay processes \\ The neutron, artificial radioactivity and new elements \\ Nuclear fission: discovery \\ Nuclear fission: interpretation \\ Plutonium \\ The Manhattan Project \\ Szilard, Einstein, the President and MAUD \\ The Compton committee and the Manhattan Engineer District \\ Bomb design: Los Alamos \\ Uranium enrichment: the Clinton Engineer Works \\ Plutonium: the pile program \\ Trinity, Hiroshima and Nagasaki \\ Target selection \\ Postwar planning begins \\ The missions \\ Aftermath \\ The Legacy of Manhattan and current nuclear weapons deployments \\ Postwar political developments \\ The super and the P-5 \\ Nuclear tests, deployments and treaties \\ Epilogue

entry:
@Book{Reed:2015:ABS,
  author =       "Bruce Cameron Reed",
  booktitle =    "The atomic bomb: the story of the {Manhattan Project}:
                 how nuclear physics became a global geopolitical
                 game-changer",
  title =        "The atomic bomb: the story of the {Manhattan Project}:
                 how nuclear physics became a global geopolitical
                 game-changer",
  publisher =    "Morgan and Claypool Publishers and IOP Publishing",
  address =      "San Rafael, CA, USA and Bristol, UK",
  pages =        "239 (est.)",
  year =         "2015",
  DOI =          "https://doi.org/10.1088/978-1-6270-5991-6",
  ISBN =         "1-62705-990-3 (print), 1-62705-991-1 (e-book),
                 1-62705-993-8 (mobi)",
  ISBN-13 =      "978-1-62705-990-9 (print), 978-1-62705-991-6 (e-book),
                 978-1-62705-993-0 (mobi)",
  ISSN =         "2053-2571 (print), 2054-7307 (electronic)",
  ISSN-L =       "2053-2571",
  LCCN =         "QC773.3.U5 R443 2015eb",
  bibdate =      "Tue Dec 8 08:41:58 MST 2015",
  bibsource =    "fsz3950.oclc.org:210/WorldCat;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/b/bohr-niels.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/f/frisch-otto.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/r/rutherford-ernest.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/bibnet/authors/s/szilard-leo.bib;
                 https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/einstein.bib",
  series =       "IOP concise physics",
  URL =          "http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-1-6270-5991-6",
  abstract =     "This volume, prepared by an acknowledged expert on the
                 Manhattan Project, gives a concise, fast-paced account
                 of all major aspects of the project at a level
                 accessible to an undergraduate college or advanced
                 high-school student familiar with some basic concepts
                 of energy, atomic structure, and isotopes. The text
                 describes the underlying scientific discoveries that
                 made nuclear weapons possible, how the project was
                 organized, the daunting challenges faced and overcome
                 in obtaining fissile uranium and plutonium, and in
                 designing workable bombs, the dramatic Trinity test
                 carried out in the desert of southern New Mexico in
                 July 1945, and the bombings of Hiroshima and
                 Nagasaki.",
  acknowledgement = ack-nhfb,
  remark =       "Version 20140601.",
  subject =      "Atomic bomb; United States; History; Nuclear physics.;
                 SCIENCE / Physics / Nuclear.; Atomic bomb.",
  tableofcontents = "Preface \\
                 Introduction and overview \\
                 Prologue \\
                 Some scientific preliminaries \\
                 The Manhattan Project: a survey \\
                 The background science \\
                 Energy units, nuclear reactions and decay processes \\
                 The neutron, artificial radioactivity and new elements
                 \\
                 Nuclear fission: discovery \\
                 Nuclear fission: interpretation \\
                 Plutonium \\
                 The Manhattan Project \\
                 Szilard, Einstein, the President and MAUD \\
                 The Compton committee and the Manhattan Engineer
                 District \\
                 Bomb design: Los Alamos \\
                 Uranium enrichment: the Clinton Engineer Works \\
                 Plutonium: the pile program \\
                 Trinity, Hiroshima and Nagasaki \\
                 Target selection \\
                 Postwar planning begins \\
                 The missions \\
                 Aftermath \\
                 The Legacy of Manhattan and current nuclear weapons
                 deployments \\
                 Postwar political developments \\
                 The super and the P-5 \\
                 Nuclear tests, deployments and treaties \\
                 Epilogue",
}


