INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/mac68k. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document What is NetBSD? Dedication Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases Installation and Partitioning Changes Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 9.1 Release Contents NetBSD/mac68k subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/mac68k System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported models Supported devices Unsupported models Known hardware issues with this release Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method) Running the sysinst installation program Introduction Possible hardware-specific issues General Quick install Booting NetBSD Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from Mac OS file systems Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Installing the NetBSD System (Traditional Method) Preparing the file system(s) Installing the files Installation of base files Booting the system Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End Contributions DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 9.1 on the _m_a_c_6_8_k platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 9.1 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with pre- liminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD _w_e_b_s_i_t_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. DDeeddiiccaattiioonn NetBSD 9.0 is dedicated to the memory of Matthias Drochner, who passed away in August 2018 and Eric Schnoebelen, who passed away in March 2019. Matthias' technical contributions are too many to list here in full. He was a long term contributor and commited more than 3000 changes all over the NetBSD source tree and lately was especially active in keeping some of our most weired ancient VME architectures in shape. Eric was a long term pkgsrc developer and well known commu- nity member. Beyond their technical contributions, Eric and Matthias were always helpful and friendly. Their example encouraged users to contribute to the project and share their work with the community. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 88 aanndd 99 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 9.1 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user- land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel- opment that went into the NetBSD 9.1 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the following files: _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._1_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..11 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.1 release tree. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _C_h_a_n_g_e_s The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this release. It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT parti- tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi- tectures. Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup- ported by NetBSD. If you have problems partitioning the target disk or installing the system, please report bugs with as much details as possible. See the Administrivia section below on how to report bugs or contact other users and ask for support. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f. TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 99..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 9.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_/ CHANGES Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases. CHANGES-9.0 Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and final release of 9.0. CHANGES-9.1 Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 9.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_6_8_k _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The mac68k-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.1 release is found in the _m_a_c_6_8_k subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_/_m_a_c_6_8_k_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A kernel containing code for everything supported in this release using the standard SCSI driver. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_S_B_C_._g_z A kernel containing code for everything supported in this release using the SBC variant of the SCSI driver. _s_e_t_s_/ mac68k binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _i_n_s_t_k_e_r_n_e_l_/ mac68k boot and installation ker- nels; see installation section (Sysinst Method), below. _m_i_s_c_/ Miscellaneous mac68k installation utilities; see the Traditional method installation section below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD mac68k binary distribution sets contain the bina- ries which comprise the NetBSD 9.1 release for mac68k. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _m_a_c_6_8_k_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.1 distribu- tion tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 9.1 mac68k bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It con- tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develope- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 9.1 GENERIC ker- nel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install either this distribution set or kern-GENERICSBC. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICCSSBBCC This set contains a NetBSD/mac68k 9.1 GENERICSBC kernel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install either this distribution set or kern-GENERIC. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rreessccuuee This set includes the statically linked emergency recover binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on XFree86 4.5.0. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during developement. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. This includes the Xmac68k _m_o_n_o_c_h_r_o_m_e server with man pages. The mac68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. Kernels suitable for booting from an AppleShare server may be found in the _m_a_c_6_8_k_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.1 distribution tree. These kernels are generally named something like _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z and can be booted as- is by the NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility, if desired. Please note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not in tar archives. The Mac OS based utilities necessary for installing and run- ning NetBSD can be found in the _m_a_c_6_8_k_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.1 distribution tree. The important files in this directory are as follows: _B_o_o_t_e_r_._s_e_a_._h_q_x The NetBSD/mac68k Booter utility. This program is used to boot the NetBSD kernel from within Mac OS. _1_4_1 _K_B _a_r_c_h_i_v_e_d _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_e_r_._s_e_a_._h_q_x The NetBSD/mac68k Installer utility. This program is used to install the dis- tribution sets onto your NetBSD parti- tion(s). This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation; it is not used or required for an installation using the ssyyssiinnsstt method. _1_4_7 _K_B _a_r_c_h_i_v_e_d _M_k_f_s_._s_e_a_._h_q_x The Mkfs utility. This program is used to format your chosen partitions so that they can be used with NetBSD. This util- ity is used only in a Traditional method installation; it is not used or required for an installation using the ssyyssiinnsstt method. _7_6 _K_B _a_r_c_h_i_v_e_d These files are all BinHexed, self-extracting archives. If you need them, the sources for these utilities are in the _s_r_c subdirectory. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the mac68k binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source dis- tribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//mmaacc6688kk SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess NetBSD/mac68k 9.1 runs on several of the older Macintosh computers. About 4 MB of RAM is sufficient to boot a stripped-down custom kernel, and a subset of the system can be squeezed onto a 40 MB hard disk with considerable cre- ativity and persistence. However, 140 MB of disk should be considered a practical minimum, and to do anything more interesting than booting at least 8 MB of RAM and more disk space is recommended. Please note that to install NetBSD/mac68k 9.1 using the ssyyssiinnsstt method, your system must have a minimum of 6 MB of RAM and 60 MB of available disk space (i.e. not part of an in-use HFS partition). _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s ++oo Mac II, IIx, IIcx, SE/30, IIci, IIsi, IIvx, IIvi ++oo Performa 400/405/410/430, Performa 450, Performa 460/466/467 ++oo Performa 520, Performa 550/560, Performa 600/600CD ++oo LC II, LC III, LC III+, LC 520, LC 550 ++oo MacTV ++oo Classic II, Color Classic ++oo Centris 650 ++oo Quadra 610, Quadra 630, Quadra 650, Quadra 700, Quadra 800 ++oo Quadra/Centris 660AV, Quadra 840AV ++oo PowerBook 140, PowerBook 145/145B, PowerBook 170 ++oo PowerBook 160, PowerBook 165, PowerBook 180 ++oo PowerBook 165c, PowerBook 180c, PowerBook 550c _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo Onboard SCSI bus and most SCSI tapes, hard drives, and CD-ROMs ++oo Internal sound -- enough to beep on some machines, anyway ++oo Most basic NuBus video cards (there have been some problems with some 24-bit color cards and with most QuickDraw accelerators) ++oo Both internal serial ports ++oo ADB keyboards and mice (both Apple and a number of third party multi-button mice and trackballs are supported) ++oo Ethernet cards based on the National Semiconductor 8390 and the SONIC (DP83932) chips (Asante, Apple, and a few others -- problems still with Ethernet and many NuBus video cards) ++oo Ethernet cards based on the SMC 91c92 and 91c100 (FEAST) chips. This includes the AsanteFAST 10/100 cards ++oo Onboard Ethernet based on the SONIC chip for Quadra-series Macs ++oo Onboard Ethernet based on the MACE (Am79C940) chip for the Quadra AV-series Macs ++oo Ethernet port on Asante NetDock and Newer Ether MicroDock, for PowerBook Duo series ++oo Comm-slot Ethernet should be working for most machines/cards If your 68030 system is not listed above, it may be because of a problem with accessing onboard video, and it may still work with a serial console. Some of the known ones in this category: ++oo Mac Classic series ++oo PowerBook Duo series If your 68LC040 system is not listed above, it is due to a problem with floating point emulation (FPE) for this type of processor. Machines in this category include: ++oo Newer LC-series machines (47x, 57x) ++oo Newer Performa-series machines (47x, 57x, 58x, 63x, 640) ++oo Some PowerBook 500-series Macs _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s ++oo Macintosh IIfx This machine has unusual custom chips for the ADB and serial interfaces which make support for it difficult. Work is in progress on this, though. ++oo Quadra 900/950 These machines have I/O processor chips for their ADB interfaces similar to those used in the IIfx and thus face similar support problems. Note that you can use a serial console on these systems. ++oo PowerPC-based Macs This is a separate effort from the mac68k port. PowerMacs use hardware that is quite different from that of the mac68k port. See the NetBSD/macppc port webpage at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc// for more information. _K_n_o_w_n _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e _i_s_s_u_e_s _w_i_t_h _t_h_i_s _r_e_l_e_a_s_e ++oo Real Time Clock Due to oddities of the Macintosh hardware inter- rupt priority scheme, NetBSD/mac68k keeps very poor time. Under a high interrupt load (e.g. SCSI or serial port activity), a machine can lose sev- eral minutes per hour. A consequence of this prob- lem is that attempting to run nnttppdd is generally rather pointless. ++oo SCSI difficulties The NetBSD/mac68k SCSI drivers are not quite as robust as their Mac OS counterparts. Symptoms of these problems are that some SCSI disks will not work under NetBSD that work fine under Mac OS. Other problems include occasional file system cor- ruption with some types of drives and the general unreliability of removable SCSI media. Keep in mind that there are no clear patterns with these problems, and they do not appear to affect the majority of users. GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa There are currently two installation methods available for initial installation of NetBSD on Apple Macintosh 68000-based systems. Neither supports all installation media types at this time, so the one you select must be compatible with the media you have available on your system. ++oo The ssyyssiinnsstt method of installation uses an Installation Kernel which is a minimal NetBSD system with a memory resident set of utilities that are capable of partition- ing the disk, initializing the file systems, and loading them from the archive files. Since the installation kernel does not currently support access to Mac OS HFS file systems this method requires that the Binary Dis- tribution Sets be accessible from CD-ROM, remote NFS partition, or via FTP access. ++oo The Traditional method of installation uses Mac OS hosted utilities to partition your disk, initialize the partitions for use by NetBSD, and load the file systems from archive files stored on the Mac OS HFS file system. This method requires that the Binary Distribution Sets reside on a local Macintosh hard drive, a CD-ROM, or an AppleShare volume. The Traditional method of installation is currently sup- ported from the local Macintosh hard drive, from a CD-ROM, or from an AppleShare volume (however, you may upgrade a system from within NetBSD; see the _U_p_g_r_a_d_i_n_g _a _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s_l_y_-_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_e_d _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m section for more details). If you are installing from a local hard drive, this means that you'll need at least enough room for the largest file that you will have to install. If the install is being done from an AppleShare-mounted vol- ume, the NetBSD/mac68k Installer must be in the same folder as the binary distribution sets. Each distribution file is in _r_a_w archive format. ++oo Distribution files must be downloaded in binary mode. Common web browsers may not be suitable for this task; FTP clients such as Fetch and Anarchie work fine, but be sure to specify a binary file transfer. ++oo The files should not be unpacked. If you have the Internet Config extension installed, you can disable this in the ``Helpers'' dialog by removing the entry associated with ``.tgz'' files. Other FTP clients may require separate changes; consult your package's docu- mentation. ++oo If you are installing from a CD-ROM, the distribution sets are already in the proper format. No special han- dling is required. You will also need to collect the Mac OS installation tools from the _m_a_c_6_8_k_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.1 distribution: Mkfs, NetBSD/mac68k Installer, and NetBSD/mac68k Booter. These three are in BinHexed, self- extracting archives as Mkfs.sea.hqx, Installer.sea.hqx, and Booter.sea.hqx, respectively. Extract them as you would any other Macintosh application. _N_o_t_e_: The Booter is the only Mac OS application needed if the ssyyssiinnsstt method of installation is used. The Tra- ditional method of installation is deprecated and will be removed in a future release, and the Mkfs and Installer tools will be retired. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn No matter which installation method you use, there is some planning and preparation that is required beforehand. First and foremost, before beginning the installation process, make sure you have a reliable backup of any data on your hard disk that you wish to keep. _M_i_s_t_a_k_e_s _i_n _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _m_a_y _l_e_a_d _t_o _d_a_t_a _l_o_s_s_. NetBSD/mac68k uses the same disk mapping scheme as Mac OS: the Apple Disk Partition Map. This permits both systems to reside on the same disk, but introduces some installation problems unique to the Macintosh. There are very few, if any, reliable ways to reduce the size of an existing Mac OS disk partition, so partitioning a disk that currently con- tains Mac OS will almost always require a backup and reload step under Mac OS. If you are using the ssyyssiinnsstt method of installation you will be able to do most, if not all, of your disk partitioning during the install process. Partitioning the disk with ssyyssiinnsstt will destroy any partition that is resized, deleted, converted, or designated for use by NetBSD. All space not planned to be used for Mac OS HFS partitions may be used by NetBSD and can be sub-divided by the ssyyssiinnsstt process. This space may be defined within one or more existing disk parti- tions of any type, including HFS partitions that are no longer needed for Mac OS. However it is best if this space is physically contiguous on the disk as ssyyssiinnsstt is not capa- ble of merging non-contiguous disk partitions. If you are using the ssyyssiinnsstt method and have sufficient disk space in one or more disk partitions you should skip forward to the section labeled _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _(_S_y_s_i_n_s_t _M_e_t_h_o_d_) in this docu- ment. If you are using the Traditional method of installation you must use a disk partitioning utility to designate the dif- ferent partitions you will want in your final NetBSD config- uration. It is not necessary to create NetBSD (or AU/X) type partitions at this stage; the Mkfs utility can convert a partition of any type to one usable for NetBSD. If disk partitioning is required because you've selected the Traditional method of installation, or because disk space needs to be freed up for use for the ssyyssiinnsstt method of installation, follow the directions in the remainder of this section. Find your favorite disk partitioning utility. Any formatter capable of partitioning a SCSI disk should work. Some of the ones that have been tried and seem to work are: ++oo Apple HD SC Setup ++oo Hard Disk ToolKit from FWB ++oo SCSI Director Lite ++oo Disk Manager Mac from OnTrack ++oo Silverlining from LaCie ++oo APS Disk Tools Apple's HD SC Setup is probably the easiest to use and the most commonly available. Instructions for patching HD SC Setup so that it will recognize non-Apple drives is avail- able at: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..eeuurroonneett..nnll//uusseerrss//eerrnnssttoouudd//ppaattcchh..hhttmmll First, you need to choose a drive on which to install NetBSD. Try to pick a drive with a low SCSI target number (or "SCSI ID"), especially if you are likely to add or remove drives to your SCSI chain in the future. _N_o_t_e_: Be certain you have a reliable backup of any data that you may want to keep. Repartitioning your hard drive is an excellent way to destroy important data. Second, decide how you want to set up your partitions. At minimum, you need a partition to hold the NetBSD installa- tion (the root partition -- _/) and a partition to serve as swap space. You may choose to use more than one partition to hold the installation. This allows you to separate the more vital portions of the file system (such as the kernel and the _/_e_t_c directory) from the more volatile parts of the file system. Typical setups place the _/_u_s_r directory on a sepa- rate partition from the root partition (_/). Generally, _/ can be fairly small while the _/_u_s_r partition should be fairly large. If you plan to use this machine as a server, you may also want a separate _/_v_a_r partition. Once you have decided how to lay out your partitions, you need to calculate how much space to allocate to each parti- tion. A minimal install of NetBSD (i.e. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z, _e_t_c_._t_g_z_, and either _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z or _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_S_B_C_._t_g_z) requires about 140MB. A general rule of thumb for sizing the swap partition is to allocate twice as much swap space as you have real memory. Having your swap + real memory total at least 20 MB is also a good idea. Systems that will be heav- ily used or that are low on real memory should have more swap space allocated. Systems that will be only lightly used or have a very large amount of real memory can get away with less. Keep in mind that NetBSD currently requires Mac OS in order to boot, so it is likely that you will want to keep at least a minimal install of Mac OS around on an HFS partition for this purpose. The size of this partition may vary depending on the size requirements for the version of Mac OS you are using. Of course, if you have Mac OS on another hard drive or can boot from a floppy, feel free to dedicate the entire drive to NetBSD. Next, use your favorite partitioning utility to make parti- tions of the necessary sizes. You can use any type of parti- tion, but partitions of type Apple_Free might save you some confusion in the future. You are now set to install NetBSD on your hard drive. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm ((SSyyssiinnsstt MMeetthhoodd)) _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of com- pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _P_o_s_s_i_b_l_e _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e_-_s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c _i_s_s_u_e_s ++oo _S_C_S_I _d_r_i_v_e_r _p_r_o_b_l_e_m_s The SCSI driver used in the kernel on many older Macintosh systems is, by default, the ncrscsi driver. It contains a recognized but as yet unfixed bug that affects some disk drive/controller combinations, usually Quantum disks. Under heavy load these systems may hang or corrupt the file system; or, you may experience frequent _S_e_g_m_e_n_t_a_t_i_o_n _f_a_u_l_t and _I_l_l_e_g_a_l _i_n_s_t_r_u_c_t_i_o_n errors that may or may not be consistently repeatable. This latter condition is particularly prevalent on systems with minimal RAM installed. If either of these problems occur on your system you are advised to use the SBC variants of the Ker- nel and Installation Kernel. However, be aware that this issue does not affect e.g. Centris or Quadra systems. ++oo _T_h_e _6_8_L_C_0_4_0 _p_r_o_c_e_s_s_o_r NetBSD has known but unresolved problems running on the 68LC040 processor, the variant of the 68040 that does not contain the floating point unit (FPU). The kernel is thus forced to emulate the missing operations in software. Unfortunately the 68LC040 processor has a design problem that causes the emulation to fail intermittently. We hope to provide a solution for this issue in a future NetBSD release. Software emulation of floating point operations is not a problem on the 68020 and 68030 processors. 3. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driven program that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques- tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 4. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec- tions of this document go into the installation proce- dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install media. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). -- The Mac OS Booter application and an Installa- tion Kernel -- A Macintosh with a 68020 and MMU, 68030 or 68RC040 processor. An FPU is not required but will be used if present (but see the note above regarding the 68LC040). -- A minimum of 8 MB of memory installed. -- An optical drive. -- A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. ++oo The NetBSD Boot Tools folder. -- Create a Folder on your Mac OS disk for the NetBSD/mac68k components. -- Copy the Booter application into the newly cre- ated Folder. Expand the file if necessary to create the Mac OS executable. -- Copy the Installation Kernels into the newly created Folder. It is not necessary to gguunnzziipp compressed kernel files. -- Single-click on the Booter application icon then select the "Get Info" from the File Menu list. Increase the memory allocation for the Booter to as much as possible for your system. Having a large number of fonts, extensions or sounds installed on your system can cause mem- ory exhaustion problems for the Booter if you don't do this. Also, the extra memory is needed by the Booter to expand compressed ker- nels while booting. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Double-click on the Booter application icon to start executing it. From the OOppttiioonnss pull-down menu, select MMoonniittoorrss, then select CChhaannggee MMoonniittoorr DDeepptthh and make sure B&W is highlighted. Close the window using the CClloossee button. -- From the OOppttiioonnss pull-down menu select BBoooott OOppttiioonnss. This will bring up an option panel. Set the AAuuttoo--sseett GGMMTT BBiiaass checkbox in the lower left and then select the BBoooott ffrroomm MMaacc OOSS option at the top of the window. The SSeett but- ton on the right will become active. Use it to locate and select the Installation Kernel file appropriate for your hardware. This will be either _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z or _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_S_B_C_._g_z. Close the window using the CClloossee button. -- From the OOppttiioonnss pull-down menu select the BBoooott NNooww, or use the Apple-B (Command-B) key combi- nation to start the NetBSD boot process. Do not move the mouse while the boot operation is in progress as this may leave the keyboard locked to NetBSD. The main menu will be displayed. Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the computer. After language selection, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-9.1 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose IInnssttaallll. -- You will be guided through the setup of your disk. -- You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. -- When prompted, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val- ues for the path and device should be ok. -- After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select RReebboooott.. -- NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by ssyyssiinnsstt, logging in as root and setting a pass- word should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 5. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k verify that all the following are done: ++oo Enable 32-bit addressing in the Memory Control Panel [1]. ++oo Disable all forms of virtual memory (the Memory Control Panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhancement products). ++oo Place the system in B&W Mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as shown in the Monitors Control Panel or in the Monitors options dialog of the Booter. You may choose to have the Booter do this for you automatically by selecting the appropriate check box and radio button in the MMoonniittoorrss dialog on the OOppttiioonnss menu. It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions turned off [1]. You can do this by booting into Mac OS with the SHIFT key held down. You may have to restart your Macintosh for changes to take effect before proceeding. [1] If your version of the Memory control panel does not have a 32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means that your system is already 32-bit clean and is running in 32-bit addressing mode by default. If the Booter complains that your are not in 32-bit mode, it may be necessary for you to press the "Use Defaults" button in the Memory con- trol panel to restore 32-bit addressing. You should probably reboot after doing so. If you have an older II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing. Please see the NetBSD/mac68k _F_A_Q_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaacc6688kk//ffaaqq// for more information. Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the application. Select BBoooottiinngg from the OOppttiioonnss menu. Select the Kernel Location to be from Mac OS with the filename corresponding to the name of the Installation Kernel you are using. Typically this will be netbsd- INSTALL.gz. If you haven't already put your Macintosh into B&W mode, select the MMoonniittoorr OOppttiioonnss from the OOppttiioonnss menu and check the box for B&W mode. Try booting NetBSD by selecting BBoooott NNooww from the OOppttiioonnss menu. If the system does not come up, send mail to _p_o_r_t_-_m_a_c_6_8_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g describing your software, your hardware, and as complete a description of the problem as you can. As an alternative, try using the Tradi- tional method of installation described in the next section. 6. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Other- wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 7. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 8. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 9. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _F_T_P To install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec- ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. ssyyssiinnsstt will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 10. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 11. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _M_a_c _O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m_s NetBSD/mac68k does not currently have in-kernel support for Mac OS HFS/HFS+ or AppleShare filesystems. ssyyssiinnsstt therefore can not access the file sets if they are on these filesystems. 12. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 14. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already con- figured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configu- ration files. 15. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _i_t_e_m_s The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as aapptt--ggeett or yyuumm. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 16. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 9.1. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm ((TTrraaddiittiioonnaall MMeetthhoodd)) The Traditional method of installation can be broken down into three basic steps: ++oo Run Mkfs to build a file system or file systems. ++oo Run the Installer to load the files onto your file sys- tems. ++oo Run the Booter to boot the system. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m_(_s_) Double-click on the Mkfs application icon to start it up. It will ask you for the SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) of the drive that you are installing NetBSD on. Once this is selected, it will present a list of the partitions on that disk. You must first convert the partitions to a type which NetBSD can understand. Select each partition on which you wish to build a file system and click on the CChhaannggee button. If you are placing the entire installation on a single par- tition, select the NNeettBBSSDD RRoooott&&UUssrr radio button. If you are using multiple partitions, select NNeettBBSSDD RRoooott for the root partition (_/) and NNeettBBSSDD UUssrr for all the other partitions. You should select NNeettBBSSDD SSwwaapp for the swap partition. When you have finished converting each partition, select each partition and click on the FFoorrmmaatt button. You will now be asked for a bunch of parameters for the hard drive and the file system. Usually, you can just take the defaults. If you are installing onto removable media (e.g. a Zip, Jaz, or Syquest), please see the FAQ. Note that although this dialog only has the OOKK button, you are not committed, yet. Once you get the values you want, press the OOKK button. A dialog will be presented at this point with two options: FFoorrmmaatt and CCaanncceell. If you choose CCaanncceell, nothing will be written to your drive. If you choose FFoorrmmaatt, the program will proceed to make a file system. Mkfs is not a well-behaved Macintosh application. It will not allow any other tasks to run while it does (cooperative multitasking at its best). When it's finished, the program will put up a dialog to ask if you have scanned the output for any error messages. Usually there won't have been any errors, but do scan the output to make sure. Simply click on the II RReeaadd IItt button and the program will quit. Repeat as necessary for any extra partitions that you wish to make file systems on. Note that you do _n_o_t need a file system on your swap partition. When you are finished, click on the DDoonnee button and choose QQuuiitt from the FFiillee menu to exit Mkfs. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _f_i_l_e_s Before using the Installer, it is probably a good idea to increase its memory allocation. Select the Installer icon by clicking on it and choose GGeett IInnffoo from the File menu. Increase both the Minimum and Preferred sizes to as much as you can spare. Double-click on the Installer icon to start it up. The Installer will present the same SCSI-ID menu that Mkfs did. Select the same SCSI-ID (SCSI target number) that you did for Mkfs - i.e., the one you are installing NetBSD on. If you are installing onto a single root partition (_/), pro- ceed to the _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _b_a_s_e _f_i_l_e_s section, below. If you have not created file systems for _/ (root), _u_s_r, and any other file systems, go back to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m_(_s_) above. When you started the Installer, it mounted your root parti- tion (_/). Just before it printed Mounting partition 'A' as / it printed lines like: sd1 at scsi ID 5 This means that the device for SCSI target 5 ("SCSI ID 5") is sd1. The partitions are signified by a trailing letter. For instance, sd1a would be the root partition (_/) of the second SCSI disk in the chain, and sd0g would be the first Usr partition on the first SCSI disk. You will need to know the proper device to mount the remain- ing partition(s) by hand: 1. Select BBuuiilldd DDeevviicceess from the FFiillee menu. 2. Select MMiinnii SShheellll from the FFiillee menu. 3. You can use the ddiisskkllaabbeell command to get a list- ing of the available partitions and their types and sizes. 4. Create the directory mount point(s) with the com- mand: # mmkkddiirr ppaatthh E.g. for the _/_u_s_r partition type: # mmkkddiirr //uussrr 5. Mount the file systems you wish with the command: # mmoouunntt ddeevviiccee ppaatthh For example, if you wish to mount a _/_u_s_r parti- tion from the first SCSI disk sd0, on _/_u_s_r, you would type: # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//ssdd00gg //uussrr 6. Type # ffssttaabb ffoorrccee to create a proper _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b file. 7. Type qquuiitt after you have mounted all the file systems. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _o_f _b_a_s_e _f_i_l_e_s Select the IInnssttaallll menu item from the FFiillee menu and install _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z, _e_t_c_._t_g_z, _e_i_t_h_e_r _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z _o_r _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_S_B_C_._t_g_z, and any other sets you wish to install at this time (see the _N_e_t_B_S_D _9_._1 _R_e_l_e_a_s_e _C_o_n_t_e_n_t_s for information about what's in each set). The Installer will print out the filename of each file as it is installed, and will take quite some time to install everything (the base package alone can take over two hours on a slow hard drive). As is the case with Mkfs, this is not a particularly well- behaved Macintosh application and the machine will be com- pletely tied up while the installation takes place. At some point after installing the base set, select the BBuuiilldd DDeevviicceess option from the FFiillee menu if you have not already done so. This will create a bunch of device nodes for you and will create your initial _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b. The Installer program also has an option to give you a mini- shell. Do not use this unless you are sure know what you are doing. When you are finished installing all of the sets you wish to install, exit the Installer by choosing QQuuiitt from the FFiillee menu. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Prior to attempting to boot NetBSD/mac68k, please verify that all of the following are true: 1. 32-bit addressing is enabled [2] in the Memory control panel; 2. All forms of virtual memory are disabled (the Memory control panel, RAM Doubler, or other software-based memory enhancement products); and 3. Your system is in B&W mode (1-bit color or grayscale) as shown by the Monitors control panel. You may choose to have the Booter do this for you automatically by selecting the appropriate check box and radio button in the MMoonniittoorrss dialog on the OOppttiioonnss menu. It is probably best to boot your machine with all extensions turned off [2]. You can do this by booting into Mac OS with the SHIFT key held down. You may have to restart your Macin- tosh for changes to take effect before proceeding. [2] If your version of the Memory control panel does not have a 32-bit addressing mode radio button, this means that your system is already 32-bit clean and is running in 32-bit addressing mode by default. If the Booter complains that you are not in 32-bit mode, it may be necessary for you to press the UUssee DDeeffaauullttss button in the Memory control panel to restore 32-bit addressing. You should probably reboot after doing so. If you have an older II-class system (including the II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), it is necessary to install Connectix's MODE32 to work around ROM issues which prevent you from enabling 32-bit addressing. Please see the NetBSD/mac68k FAQ at hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaacc6688kk//ffaaqq// for more information. Double-click on the NetBSD/mac68k Booter icon to start the application. Select BBoooottiinngg from the OOppttiioonnss menu. Check that all of the items in the resulting dialog look sane - especially the SCSI target number. If not, correct them to your preference (the SCSI target number, or "SCSI ID", should be the only thing you need to change). When you are satisfied with your choices, try booting NetBSD by selecting BBoooott NNooww from the OOppttiioonnss menu. If you wish to save your preferences, choose SSaavvee OOppttiioonnss from the FFiillee menu before Booting (your preferences will not be saved if you forget to do this). If the system does not come up, send mail to _p_o_r_t_-_m_a_c_6_8_k_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g describing your software, your hard- ware, and as complete a description of the problem as you can. If the system does come up, congratulations, you have suc- cessfully installed NetBSD 9.1. PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or what- ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, where your on-board, NuBus or PDS interface may be ae0, mc0 or sn0. For example: ifconfig_sn0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_sn0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll: [Color_X] Some systems are capable of supporting a color X Server in either thousands or mil- lions of colors. The mac68k port does not support resolution switching at this time. If your system is capable of running the color X Server it can be installed at this point and the Booter options can be modified to match the resolution depth. 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. -- More information on the package system is available at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll -- A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll -- Precompiled binaries can be found at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _m_a_c_6_8_k_/_9_._1_/_A_l_l subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll bbaasshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ppeerrll ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll aappaacchhee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll kkddee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ffiirreeffooxx ... _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. -- If you did not install it from the ssyyssiinnsstt post- installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz. It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information. 7. Misc -- Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. -- Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. -- Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 9.1 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 9.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 9.1. Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default will be handled. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.1 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are -- intro(1), -- man(1), -- apropos(1), -- passwd(1), and -- passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo -- The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. -- The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. -- The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. -- The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. -- The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. -- Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. -- We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) -- Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. 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This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. TThhee EEnndd CCoonnttrriibbuuttiioonnss The following people have made contributions of various sorts specifically for the Macintosh port (in alphabetical order): -- All of the users who have supplied us with good bug reports and moral support. -- The Alice Group (Allen K. Briggs, Chris P. Caputo, Michael L. Finch, Bradley A. Grantham, and Lawrence A. Kesteloot), without whom there would be no NetBSD port for the Macintosh. -- Steven R. Allen for keeping our snapshot distributions up-to-date. -- Stephen C. Brown for maintaining the Installer applica- tion. -- Denton Gentry and Yanagisawa Takeshi for their work on the SONIC Ethernet driver. -- Paul Goyette, Taras Ivanenko, Ken Nakata, and Michael R. Zucca for invaluable work towards supporting color X. -- Takashi Hamada and John Wittkoski beating the direct ADB hardware driver into submission. -- David Huang for getting MACE Ethernet and basic DMA working on the AV Macs. -- Scott Jann for acquiring a IIx and a IIci, used for building and testing release sets. -- Scott Kaplan for lending his IIci and Kensington Turbo Mouse for IIci/IIsi banked memory and internal video as well as non-Apple ADB devices. -- Noah M. Kieserman for lending a PowerBook 520C for tracking down several bugs on that platform. -- Markus Krummenacker for monetary donations. -- Glan Lalonde for an invaluable IIci page table dump. -- Dan McMahill for lending a PowerBook 165 to tweak ADB support on the PowerBook 160 and 180 family laptops. -- Bob Nestor for (unofficially) maintaining the Mkfs util- ity, and providing a lot of useful information about the ROM vectors used by different systems. -- Brad Parker for serial and Ethernet drivers/improve- ments. -- Brian R. Gaeke and Nigel Pearson for tweaking, polish- ing, and performing the occasional major refit on the Booter application. -- Scott Redman for lending Brad Grantham a PowerBook 160. -- Craig Ruff for assembling an '030 pmove ttx instruction. -- Brad Salai for lending an Ethernet card to help resolve interrupt conflicts. -- Larry Samuels for monetary donations. -- Peter Siebold for lending his IIvx in support of ADB and IIvx internal video. -- Glen Stewart for lending a Carrera040 accelerator which, while still unsupported, helped to track down memory management bugs for '030-based machines. -- Bill Studenmund for providing a stable front end to the machine- independent serial driver. -- Schuyler Stultz for the loan of his Macintosh II when we desperately needed another machine on which to compile and test during the '93 Xmas vacation. -- Tenon Intersystems for monetary donations, MachTen, and Brad's access to several machines and documentation after hours. -- Virginia Tech English Department for loan of a IIci w/ NuBus video and 32 MB of RAM -- the first IIci to run NetBSD/mac68k. -- Rob Windsor for donating a variety of Macintosh II-fam- ily systems, a Centris 650, a Quadra 700, and several boxes full of miscellaneous peripherals and parts in the interest of ensuring adequate testing and working out minor (and not-so-minor) problems. -- Colin Wood for maintaining a host of NetBSD/mac68k docu- mentation, including the FAQ, Meta-FAQ, and OS Info doc- uments. NetBSD/mac68k 9.1 Oct 18, 2020 NetBSD/mac68k 9.1