Internet Draft M. Stiemerling Document: draft-ietf-midcom-semantics-08.txt J. Quittek Expires: December 2004 NEC Tom Taylor Nortel Networks June 2004 MIDCOM Protocol Semantics Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html Distribution of this document is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This memo specifies semantics for a Middlebox Communication (MIDCOM) protocol to be used by MIDCOM agents for interacting with middleboxes, such as firewalls and NATs. The semantics discussion does not include any specification of a concrete syntax or a transport protocol. However, a concrete protocol is expected to implement the specified semantics or - more probably - a superset of it. The MIDCOM protocol semantics is derived from the MIDCOM requirements, from the MIDCOM framework, and from working group decisions. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 1] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................. 4 1.1 Terminology ................................................ 5 1.2 Transaction Definition Template ............................ 7 2 Semantics Specification ...................................... 8 2.1 General Protocol Design .................................... 8 2.1.1 Protocol Transactions .................................... 8 2.1.2 Message Types ............................................ 9 2.1.3 Session, Policy Rule, and Policy Rule Group .............. 10 2.1.4 Atomicity ................................................ 10 2.1.5 Access Control ........................................... 11 2.1.6 Middlebox Capabilities ................................... 11 2.1.7 Agent and Middlebox Identifiers .......................... 12 2.1.8 Conformance .............................................. 12 2.2 Session Control Transactions ............................... 13 2.2.1 Session Establishment (SE) ............................... 13 2.2.2 Session Termination (ST) ................................. 15 2.2.3 Asynchronous Session Termination (AST) ................... 16 2.2.4 Session Termination by Interruption of Connection ........ 17 2.2.5 Session State Machine .................................... 17 2.3 Policy Rule Transactions ................................... 18 2.3.1 Configuration Transactions ............................... 18 2.3.2 Establishing Policy Rules ................................ 18 2.3.3 Maintaining Policy Rules and Policy Rule Groups .......... 19 2.3.4 Policy Events and Asynchronous Notifications ............. 20 2.3.5 Address Tuples ........................................... 21 2.3.6 Address Parameter Constraints ............................ 22 2.3.7 Interface specific Policy Rules .......................... 24 2.3.8 Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) ................................ 25 2.3.9 Policy Enable Rule (PER) ................................. 29 2.3.10 Policy Rule Lifetime Change (RLC) ....................... 34 2.3.11 Policy Rule List (PRL) .................................. 36 2.3.12 Policy Rule Status (PRS) ................................ 37 2.3.13 Asynchronous Policy Rule Event (ARE) .................... 39 2.3.14 Policy Rule State Machine ............................... 40 2.4 Policy Rule Group Transactions ............................. 41 2.4.1 Overview ................................................. 41 2.4.2 Group Lifetime Change (GLC) .............................. 42 2.4.3 Group List (GL) .......................................... 44 2.4.4 Group Status (GS) ........................................ 45 3 Conformance Statements ....................................... 46 3.1 General Implementation Conformance ......................... 46 3.2 Middlebox Conformance ...................................... 47 3.3 Agent Conformance .......................................... 47 4 Transaction Usage Examples ................................... 48 4.1 Exploring Policy Rules and Policy Rule Groups .............. 48 4.2 Enabling a SIP-Signaled Call ............................... 51 5 Compliance with MIDCOM Requirements .......................... 56 5.1 Protocol Machinery Requirements ............................ 56 Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 2] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 5.1.1 Authorized Association ................................... 56 5.1.2 Agent connects to Multiple Middleboxes ................... 57 5.1.3 Multiple Agents connect to same Middlebox ................ 57 5.1.4 Deterministic Behavior ................................... 57 5.1.5 Known and Stable State ................................... 57 5.1.6 Status Report ............................................ 58 5.1.7 Unsolicited Messages (Asynchronous Notifications) ........ 58 5.1.8 Mutual Authentication .................................... 58 5.1.9 Session Termination by any Party ......................... 58 5.1.10 Request Result .......................................... 59 5.1.11 Version Interworking .................................... 59 5.1.12 Deterministic Handling of Overlapping Rules ............. 59 5.2 Protocol Semantics Requirements ............................ 59 5.2.1 Extensible Syntax and Semantics .......................... 59 5.2.2 Policy Rules for Different Types of Middleboxes .......... 59 5.2.3 Ruleset Groups ........................................... 60 5.2.4 Policy Rule Lifetime Extension ........................... 60 5.2.5 Robust Failure Modes ..................................... 60 5.2.6 Failure Reasons .......................................... 60 5.2.7 Multiple Agents Manipulating Same Policy Rule ............ 60 5.2.8 Carrying Filtering Rules ................................. 60 5.2.9 Parity of Port Numbers ................................... 61 5.2.10 Consecutive Range of Port Numbers ....................... 61 5.2.11 Contradicting Overlapping Policy Rules .................. 61 5.3 Security Requirements ...................................... 61 5.3.1 Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity ............... 61 5.3.2 Optional Confidentiality of Control Messages ............. 61 5.3.3 Operation across Un-trusted Domains ...................... 61 5.3.4 Mitigate Replay Attacks .................................. 61 6 Security Considerations ...................................... 62 7 IAB Considerations on UNSAF .................................. 63 8 Acknowledgments .............................................. 63 9 References ................................................... 63 9.1 Normative References ....................................... 63 9.2 Informative References ..................................... 64 10 Authors' Addresses .......................................... 64 11 Full Copyright Statement .................................... 65 Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 3] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 1. Introduction The MIDCOM working group has defined a framework [MDC-FRM] for the middlebox communication and a list of requirements [MDC-REQ]. The next step towards a MIDCOM protocol is the specification of protocol semantics that are constrained, but not completely implied by the documents mentioned above. This memo suggests a semantics for the MIDCOM protocol. It is fully compliant with the requirements listed in [MDC-REQ] and with the working group's consensus on semantic issues. In conformance with the working group charter, the semantics description is targeted at packet filters and network address translators (NATs) and it supports applications that require dynamic configuration of these middleboxes. The semantics are defined in terms of transactions. Two basic types of transactions are used: request-reply transactions and asynchronous transactions. For each transaction the semantics is specified by describing (1) the parameters of the transaction, (2) the processing of request messages at the middlebox, and (3) the state transitions at the middlebox caused by the request transactions or indicated by the asynchronous transactions, respectively, and the (4) reply and notification messages sent from the middlebox to the agent in order to inform the agent about the state change. The semantics can be implemented by any protocol that supports these two transaction types and that is sufficiently flexible concerning transaction parameters. Different implementations for different protocols might need to extend the semantics described below by adding further transactions and/or adding further parameters to transactions and/or splitting single transactions into a set of transactions. Regardless of such extensions, the semantics below provide a minimum necessary subset of what must be implemented. The remainder of this document is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the protocol semantics. It is structured in four subsections: - General Protocol Issues (Section 2.1) - Session Control (Section 2.2) - Policy Rules (Section 2.3) - Policy Rule Groups (Section 2.4) Section 3 contains conformance statements for MIDCOM protocol definitions and MIDCOM protocol implementations with respect to the semantics defined in Section 2. Section 4 gives two elaborated usage examples. Finally, Section 5 explains how the semantics meets the MIDCOM requirements. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 4] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 1.1. Terminology The terminology in this memo follows the definitions given in the framework [MDC-FRM] and requirements [MDC-REQ] document. In addition the following terms are used: request transaction A request transaction consists of a request message transfer from the agent to the middlebox, processing of the message at the middlebox, a reply message transfer from the middlebox to the agent, and the optional transfer of notification messages from the middlebox to other agents than the one requesting the transaction. A request transaction might cause a state transition at the middlebox. configuration transaction A configuration transaction is a request transaction containing a request for state change in the middlebox. If accepted, it causes a state change at the middlebox. monitoring transaction A monitoring transaction is a request transaction containing a request for state information from the middlebox. It does not cause a state transition at the middlebox. asynchronous transaction An asynchronous transaction is not triggered by an agent. It may occur without any agent participating in a session with the middlebox. Potentially, an asynchronous transaction includes the transfer of notification messages from the middlebox to agents that participate in an open session. A notification message is sent to each agent that need to be notified about the asynchronous event. The message indicates the state transition at the middlebox. agent-unique An agent-unique value is unique in the context of the agent. This context includes all MIDCOM sessions the agent participates in. An agent-unique value is assigned by the agent. middlebox-unique A middlebox-unique value is unique in the context of the middlebox. This context Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 5] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 includes all MIDCOM sessions the middlebox participates in. A middlebox-unique value is assigned by the middlebox. policy rule In general, a policy rule is "a basic building block of a policy-based system. It is the binding of a set of actions to a set of conditions - where the conditions are evaluated to determine whether the actions are performed." [RFC3198]. In the MIDCOM context the condition is a specification of a set of packets to which rules are applied. The set of actions always contains just a single element per rule, either action "reserve" or action "enable". policy reserve rule A policy rule containing a reserve action. The policy condition of this rule is always true. The action is the reservation of just an IP address or a combination of an IP address and a range of port numbers on neither, one, or both sides of the middlebox, depending on the middlebox configuration. policy enable rule A policy rule containing an enable action. The policy condition consists of a descriptor of one or more unidirectional or bidirectional packet flows, and the policy action enables packets belonging to this flow to traverse the middlebox. The descriptor identifies the protocol, the flow direction, the source and destination addresses, optionally with a range of port numbers. NAT binding The term NAT binding used in this document is not necessarily referring to a NAT bind as defined in [NAT-TERM]. A NAT binding in the MIDCOM semantics refers to an abstraction that enables communication between two end points through the NAT- type middlebox. An enable action may result in a NAT bind or a NAT session, depending on the request and its parameters. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 6] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 1.2. Transaction Definition Template In the following sections, semantics of the MIDCOM protocol is specified per transaction. A transaction specification contains the following entries. Parameter entries, failure reason and notification message type are only specified if applicable. transaction-name A description name for this type of transaction. transaction-type The transaction type is either 'configuration', 'monitoring', or 'asynchronous'. See Section 1.1. for a description of transaction types. transaction-compliance This entry contains either 'mandatory' or 'optional'. For details see Section 2.1.8. request-parameters This entry lists all parameters that are necessary for this request. A description for each parameter is given. reply-parameters (success) This entry lists all parameters that are sent back from the middlebox to the agent as positive response to the prior request. A description for each parameter is given. failure reason All negative replies do have two parameters, a request identifier identifying the request on which the reply is sent and a parameter indicating the failure reason. Since these parameters are compulsory, they are not listed in the template. But the template contains a list of potential failure reasons that may be indicated by the second parameter. The list is not exhaustive. A concrete protocol specification may extend the list. notification message type The type of the notification message type that may be used by this transaction. semantics This entry describes the actual semantics of the transaction. Particularly, it describes the processing of the request message by the middlebox, and middlebox state transitions caused by or causing the transaction, respectively. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 7] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 2. Semantics Specification 2.1. General Protocol Design The semantics specification aims at a balance between proper support of applications that require dynamic configuration of middleboxes and simplicity of specification and implementation of the protocol. Protocol interactions are structured into transactions. State of middleboxes is described by state machines. The state machines are defined by states and state transitions. A single transaction may cause or be caused by state transitions in more than one state machine, but per state machine there is no more than one transition per transaction. 2.1.1. Protocol Transactions State transitions are either initiated by a request message from the agent to the middlebox, or they are initiated by some other event at the middlebox. In the first case, the middlebox informs the agent by sending a reply message on the actual state transition, in the latter case the middlebox sends an unsolicited asynchronous notification message to each agent that is affected by the transaction (if it participates in an open session with the middlebox). Request and reply messages contain an agent-unique request identifier that allows the agent to determine to which sent request a received reply corresponds. An analysis of the requirements showed that four kinds of transactions are required: - configuration transactions allowing the agent to request state transitions at the middlebox - asynchronous transactions allowing the middlebox to change state without a request by an agent. - monitoring transaction allowing the agent to request state information from the middlebox - convenience transactions combining a set of configuration transactions Configuration transactions and asynchronous transactions provide the basic MIDCOM protocol functionality. They are related to middlebox state transitions and they concern establishment and termination of MIDCOM sessions and of policy rules. Monitoring transactions are not related to middlebox state Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 8] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 transitions. They are used by agents for exploring number, status and properties of policy rules established at the middlebox. Convenience transactions simplify MIDCOM sessions by combining a set of configuration transactions into a single one. They are not necessary for MIDCOM protocol operation. As specified in detail in Section 3, configuration transactions and asynchronous transactions are mandatory. They must be implemented by a compliant middlebox. All convenience transactions are optional and some of the monitoring transactions are optional. 2.1.2. Message Types The MIDCOM protocol supports three kinds of messages: request messages, reply messages and notification messages. For each kind, there exist different message types. In this semantics document, message types are only defined by the list of parameters. The order of the parameters and their encoding is left to a concrete protocol definition. A protocol definition may also add further parameters to a message type or combine several parameters into one, as long as the information contained in the parameters defined in the semantics is still contained. For request messages and positive reply messages there exists one message type per request transaction. Each reply transaction defines the parameter list of the request message and of the positive (successful) reply message using the transaction definition template that is defined in Section 1.2. In case of a failed request transaction, a negative reply message is sent from the middlebox to the agent. This message has the same type for all request transactions. It contains the request identifier identifying the request on which the reply is sent and a parameter indicating the failure reason. For notification messages, there exist three message types: the Session Termination Notification (STN) message type, the Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) message type and the Group Event Notification (GEN) message type. All of them contain a middlebox- unique notification identifier. STN The Session Termination Notification message additionally contains a single parameter indicating the reason of session termination by the middlebox. REN The Policy Rule Event Notification message contains the notification identifier, a policy rule identifier and the remaining policy lifetime. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 9] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 GEN The Group Event Notification message contains the notification identifier, a policy rule group identifier and the remaining policy rule group lifetime. 2.1.3. Session, Policy Rule, and Policy Rule Group All transactions can further be grouped into transactions concerning sessions, transactions concerning policy rules, and transactions concerning policy rule groups. Policy rule groups can be used to indicate relationships between policy rules and to simplify transactions on a set of policy rules by using a single transaction per group instead of one per policy rule. Sessions and policy rules at the middlebox are stateful. Their states are independent of each other and their state machines (one per session and one per policy rule) can be separated. Policy rule groups are also stateful, but the middlebox does not need to maintain state for policy rule groups, because the semantics were chosen such that the policy rule group state is implicitly defined by the state of all policy rules belonging to the group (see Section 2.4). The separation of session state and policy rule state simplifies the specification of the semantics as well as a protocol implementation. Therefore, the semantics specification is structured accordingly and we use two separated state machines to illustrate the semantics. Please note, that state machines of concrete protocol designs and implementations will most probably be more complex than the state machines presented here. However, the protocol state machines are expected to be a superset of the semantics state machines in this document. 2.1.4. Atomicity All request transactions are atomic with respect to each other. This means that processing of a request at the middlebox is never interrupted by another arriving or already queued request. This particularly applies when the middlebox concurrently receives requests originating in different sessions. However, asynchronous transactions may interrupt and/or terminate processing of a request at any time. All request transactions are atomic from the point of view of the agent. Processing of a request does not start before the complete request arrives at the middlebox. No intermediate state is stable at the middlebox and no intermediate state is reported to any agent. The number of transactions specified in this document is rather small. Again for simplicity we reduced it close to a minimal set that still meets the requirements. For a real implementation of the protocol, it might be required to split some of the transactions Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 10] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 specified below into two or more transactions of the respective protocol. Reasons for this might be constraints of the particular protocol or the desire for more flexibility. In general this should not be a problem. However, it should be considered that this might change atomicity of the affected transactions. 2.1.5. Access Control Access to policy rules and policy rule groups is based on ownership. When a policy rule is created, a middlebox-unique identifier is generated for identifying it in further transactions. Beyond the identifier, each policy rule has an owner. The owner is the authenticated agent that established the policy rule. The middlebox uses the owner attribute of a policy rule for controlling access to it: each time an authenticated agent requests to modify an existing policy rule, the middlebox determines the owner of the policy rule and checks if the requesting agent is authorized to perform transactions on the owning agent's policy rules. All policy rules belonging to the same policy rule group must have the same owner. Therefore, authenticated agents either have access to all members of a policy rule group, or to none of them. The middlebox may be configured to allow specific authenticated agents to access and modify policy rules with certain specific owners. Certainly, a reasonable default configuration would be that each agent can access its own policy rules. Also, it might be a good idea, to have an agent identity configured to act as administrator being allowed to modify all policy rules owned by any agent. Anyway, the configuration of authorization at the middlebox is out of scope of the MIDCOM semantics and protocol. 2.1.6. Middlebox Capabilities For several reasons it is useful that the agent learns at session establishment about particular capabilities of the middlebox. Therefore, the session establishment procedure described in Section 2.2.1 includes a transfer of capability information from the middlebox to the agent. The list of covered middlebox capabilities includes - support of firewall function - list of supported NAT functions The list of supported NAT functions may include - address translation - port translation - protocol translation - twice-NAT - internal IP address wildcard support - external IP address wildcard support - port wildcard support Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 11] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - supported IP version(s) for internal network: IPv4, IPv6, or both - supported IP version(s) for external network: IPv4, IPv6, or both - list of supported optional MIDCOM protocol transactions - optional interface specific policy rule support: not supported or supported. - policy rule persistency: persistent or non-persistent A rule is persistent when the middlebox can save the rule to a non-volatile memory, e.g. a hard disk or flash memory. - maximum remaining lifetime of a policy rule or policy rule group - idle-timeout of policy rules in the middlebox Reserved and enabled policy rules that are not used by any data traffic for the time of this idle-timeout are deleted automatically by the middlebox. For the deletion of policy rules by middleboxes see Section 2.3.13 about Asynchronous Policy Rule Event (ARE). - maximum number of simultaneous MIDCOM sessions The list of middlebox capabilities may be extended by a concrete protocol specification by further information that is useful for the agent. 2.1.7. Agent and Middlebox Identifiers In order to allow both agents and middleboxes to maintain multiple sessions each request message contains a parameter identifying the requesting agent, and each reply message and each notification message contains a parameter identifying the middlebox. These parameters are not explicitly listed in the description of the individual transactions, because they are common to all of them and not further referred to in the individual semantics descriptions. Also, they are not necessarily passed explicitly as parameters of the MIDCOM protocol, but they might be provided by the used underlying (secure) transport protocol. Agent identifiers at the middlebox are middlebox-unique and middlebox identifiers at the agent are agent- unique respectively. 2.1.8. Conformance The MIDCOM requirements in [MDC-REQ] demand certain capabilities of the MIDCOM protocol, which are met by the set of transactions specified below. However, an actual implementation of a middlebox may support only a subset of these transactions. The set of announced supported transactions may be different for different authenticated agents. At session establishment, the middlebox informs the authenticated agent by capability exchange, which transactions the agent is authorized to perform. Some transactions need to be offered to every authenticated agent. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 12] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 Each transaction definition below has a conformance entry which contains either 'mandatory' or 'optional'. A mandatory transaction needs to be implemented by every middlebox offering MIDCOM service and must be must be offered to each of the authenticated agents. An optional transaction does not necessarily need to be implemented by a middlebox. If an optional transaction is implemented in the middlebox, the middlebox may offer these optional transactions only to certain authenticated agents. The middlebox may offer one, several, all, or no optional transactions to the agents. Whether or not an agent is allowed to use an optional request transaction is determined by the middlebox's authorization procedure which is not further specified by this document. 2.2. Session Control Transactions Before any transaction on policy rules or policy rule groups is possible, a valid MIDCOM session must be established. A MIDCOM session is an authenticated and authorized association between agent and middlebox. Sessions are initiated by agents and can be terminated by either the agent or the middlebox. Both agent and middlebox may participate in several sessions (with different entities) at the same time. For distinguishing different sessions each party uses local session identifiers. All transactions are transmitted within this MIDCOM session. Session control is supported by three transactions: - Session Establishment (SE) - Session Termination (ST) - Asynchronous Session Termination (AST) The first two are configuration transactions initiated by the agent, the last one is an asynchronous transaction initiated by the middlebox. 2.2.1. Session Establishment (SE) transaction-name: session establishment transaction-type: configuration transaction-compliance: mandatory request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 13] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - version: the version of the MIDCOM protocol - middlebox authentication challenge (mc): an authentication challenge token for authentication of the middlebox. As seen below, this is present only in the first iteration of the request. - agent authentication (aa): an authentication token to authenticate the agent to the middlebox. As seen below, this is updated in the second iteration of the request with material responding to the middlebox challenge. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier request. - middlebox authentication (ma): an authentication token to authenticate the middlebox to the agent. - agent challenge token (ac): an authentication challenge token for the agent authentication. - middlebox capabilities: a list describing the middlebox's capabilities. See Section 2.1.6. for the list of middlebox capabilities. failure reason: - authentication failed - no authorization - protocol version of agent and middlebox do not match - lack of resources semantics: This session establishment transaction is used to establish a MIDCOM session. For mutual authentication of both parties two subsequent session establishment transactions are required as shown in Figure 1. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 14] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 agent middlebox | session establishment request | | (with middlebox challenge mc) | CLOSED |-------------------------------------------->| | | | successful reply (with middlebox | | authentication ma and agent challenge ac) | |<--------------------------------------------| | | NOAUTH | session establishment request | | (with agent authentication aa) | |-------------------------------------------->| | | | successful reply | |<--------------------------------------------| | | OPEN | | Figure 1: Mutual authentication of agent and middlebox Session establishment may be simplified by using only a single transaction. In this case server challenge and agent challenge are omitted by the sender or ignored by the receiver, and authentication must be provided by other means, for example by TLS [RFC2246] or IPsec [RFC2402][RFC2406]. The middlebox checks with its policy decision point if the requesting agent is authorized to open a MIDCOM session. If not a negative reply with 'no authorization' as failure reason is generated by the middlebox. If authentication and authorization are successful, the session is established and the agent may start with requesting transactions on policy rules and policy rule groups. Part of the successful reply is an indication of the middlebox's capabilities. 2.2.2. Session Termination (ST) transaction-name: session termination transaction-type: configuration transaction-compliance: mandatory request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 15] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 reply-parameters (success only): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. semantics: This transaction is used to close the MIDCOM session on behalf of the agent. After session termination the middlebox keeps all established policy rules until their lifetime expires or until an event occurs which causes the middlebox to terminate them. The middlebox always generates a successful reply. After sending the reply, the middlebox will not send any further messages to the agent within the current session. It also will not process any further request within this session, which it has received while it was processing the session termination request, or which it receives later. 2.2.3. Asynchronous Session Termination (AST) transaction-name: asynchronous session termination transaction-type: asynchronous transaction-compliance: mandatory notification message type: Session Termination Notification (STN) reply-parameters (success only): - termination reason: the reason why the session is terminated. semantics: The middlebox may decide at any point in time to terminate a MIDCOM session. Before terminating the actual session the middlebox generates a STN message and sends it to the agent. After sending the notification, the middlebox will not process any further request by the agent, even if it is already queued at the middlebox. After session termination the middlebox keeps all established policy rules until their lifetime expires or until an event occurs on which the middlebox terminates them. Different to other asynchronous transactions, no more than one notification is sent, because there is only one agent affected by the transaction. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 16] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 2.2.4. Session Termination by Interruption of Connection If a MIDCOM session is based on an underlying network connection, then the session can also be terminated by an interruption of this connection. If the middlebox detects this, it immediately terminates the session. The effect on established policy rules is the same as for the Asynchronous Session Termination. 2.2.5. Session State Machine A state machine illustrating the semantics of the session transactions is shown in Figure 2. The used transaction abbreviations can be found in the headings of the particular transaction section. All sessions start in state CLOSED. A successful SE transaction can cause a state transition to state OPEN, if mutual authentication is already provided by other means. Otherwise, it causes a transition to state NOAUTH. From this state a failed second SE transaction returns to state CLOSED. A successful SE transaction causes a transition to state OPEN. At any time an AST transaction or a connection failure may occur causing a transition to state CLOSED. A successful ST transaction from either NOAUTH or OPEN also causes a return to CLOSED. The parameters of the transactions are explained in Figure 2, the value mc=0 represents an empty middlebox challenge. mc = middlebox challenge SE/failure ma = middlebox authentication +-------+ ac = agent challenge | v aa = agent authentication +----------+ | CLOSED |----------------+ +----------+ | SE(mc!=0)/ | ^ ^ | success(ma,ac) SE(mc=0, | | | AST | aa=OK)/ | | | SE/failure v success | | | ST/success +----------+ | | +------------| NOAUTH | | | +----------+ | | AST | SE(mc=0, v | ST/success | aa=OK)/ +----------+ | success | OPEN |<---------------+ +----------+ Figure 2: Session State Machine Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 17] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 2.3. Policy Rule Transactions This section describes the semantics for transactions on policy rules. The following transactions are specified: - Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) - Policy Enable Rule (PER) - Policy Rule Lifetime Change (RLC) - Policy Rule List (PRL) - Policy Rule Status (PRS) - Asynchronous Policy Rule Event (ARE) The first three transactions (PRR, PER, RLC) are configuration transactions initiated by the agent. The fourth and fifth (PRL, PRS) are a monitoring transactions. And the last one (ARE) is an asynchronous transaction. The PRL and PRS and transactions do not have any effect on the policy rule state machine. Before any transaction can start, a valid MIDCOM session must be established. 2.3.1. Configuration Transactions Policy Rule transactions PER and RLC constitute the core of the MIDCOM protocol. Both are mandatory and they serve for - configuring NAT bindings (PER) - configuring firewall pinholes (PER) - extending the lifetime of established policy rules (RLC) - deleting policy rules (RLC) In some cases it is required to know in advance which IP address (and port number) would be chosen by NAT in a PER transaction. This information is required before sufficient information for performing a complete PER transaction is available (see example in Section 4.2). For supporting such cases, the core transactions are extended by the Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) transaction serving for - reserving addresses and port numbers at NATs (PRR) 2.3.2. Establishing Policy Rules Both PRR and PER establish a policy rule. The action within the rule is 'reserve' if set by PRR and 'enable' if set by PER. The Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) transaction is used to establish an address reservation on neither, one, or both sides of the middlebox, depending on the middlebox configuration. The transaction returns the reserved IP addresses and the optional ranges of port numbers to the agent. No address binding or pinhole configuration is performed Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 18] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 at the middlebox. Packet processing at the middlebox remains unchanged. On pure firewalls, the PRR transaction is successfully processed without any reservation, but the state transition of the MIDCOM protocol engine is exactly the same as on NATs. On a traditional NAT (see [NAT-TRAD]), only an external address is reserved; on a twice-NAT, an internal and an external address is reserved. The reservation at a NAT is the reservation of the required resources ,like IP addresses and port numbers, for future use. How the reservation is exactly done depends on the implementation of the NAT. In both cases the reservation concerns either an IP address only or a combination of an IP address with a range of port numbers. The Policy Enable Rule (PER) transaction is used to establish a policy rule that has an effect on packet processing at the middlebox. Depending on its input parameters, it may make use of the reservation established by a PRR transaction, or create a new rule from scratch. On a NAT, the enable action is interpreted as bind action establishing bindings between internal and external addresses. At a firewall, the enable action is interpreted as one or more allow actions configuring pinholes. The number of allow actions depends on the parameters of the request and the implementation of the firewall. On a combined NAT/firewall, the enable action is interpreted as a combination of bind and allow actions. The PRR transaction and the PER transaction are described in more detail in Sections 2.3.8. and 2.3.9. below. 2.3.3. Maintaining Policy Rules and Policy Rule Groups Each policy rule has a middlebox-unique identifier. Each policy rule has an owner. Access control to the policy rule is based on ownership (see section 2.1.5). Ownership of a policy rule does not change during lifetime of the policy rule. Each policy rule has its individual lifetime. If the policy rule lifetime expires, the policy rule will be terminated at the middlebox. Typically, the middlebox indicates termination of a policy rule by an ARE transaction. A policy rule lifetime change (RLC) transaction may extend the lifetime of the policy rule up to the limit specified by the middlebox at session setup. Also a RLC transaction may be used for shortening a policy rule's lifetime or deleting a policy rule by requesting a lifetime of zero. (Please note that policy rule lifetimes may also be modified by the group Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 19] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 lifetime change (GLC) transaction). Each policy rule is member of exactly one policy rule group. Group membership does not change during the lifetime of a policy rule. Selecting the group is part of the transaction establishing the policy rule. This transaction implicitly creates a new group if the agent does not specify one. The new group identifier is chosen by the middlebox. New members are added to a group, if the agent's request designates an already existing group. A group only exists as long as it has member policy rules. As soon as all policies belonging to the group reach the end of their lifetimes, the group does not exist anymore. Agents can explore the properties and status of all policy rules they are allowed to access by using the Policy Rule Status (PRS) transaction. 2.3.4. Policy Events and Asynchronous Notifications If a policy rule changes its state or if a policy rule's remaining lifetime is changed in another way than being decreased by time, then all agents that can access this policy rule and that participate in an open session with the middlebox are notified by the middlebox. If the state or lifetime change was requested explicitly by a request message, then the middlebox notifies the agent by returning the corresponding reply. All other agents that can access the policy are notified by an Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) message. Please note that a middlebox can serve multiple agents at the same time in different parallel sessions. Between these agents, the sets of policy rules that can be accessed by them may overlap. For example, there might be an agent that authenticates as administrator and can access all policies of all agents. Or there is a backup agent running a session in parallel to a main agent and authenticating itself as the same entity as the main agent. In case of a PER, PRR, or RLC transaction, the requesting agent receives a PER, PRR, or RLC reply, respectively. To all other agents that can access the created, modified, or terminated policy rule (and that participate in an open session with the middlebox) the middlebox sends a REN message carrying the policy rule identifier (PID) and the remaining lifetime of the policy rule. In case of a rule termination by lifetime extension or other events not triggered by an agent, then the middlebox sends a REN message to each agents that can access the particular policy rule and that participates in an open session with the middlebox. This ensures that an agent always knows the most recent state of all policy rules it can access. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 20] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 2.3.5. Address Tuples Request and reply messages of the PRR, PER, and PRS transactions contain address specifications for IP and transport addresses. These parameters include - IP version - IP address - IP address prefix length - transport protocol - port number - port parity - port range Additionally the request message of PER and reply message of PRS contains a direction of flow parameter. This direction of flow parameter indicates for UDP and IP the direction of packets traversing the middlebox. For 'inbound' the UDP packets are traversing from outside to inside, for 'outbound' the UDP packets are traversing from inside to the outside. In both cases of 'inbound' and 'outbound' the packets can traverse the middelbox only uni- directional. A bi-directional flow is enabled through 'bi- directional' as direction of flow parameter. In the case of TCP the packet flow is always bi-directional, but the direction of flow parameter is defined as: - inbound: bi-directional TCP packet flow. First packet, with TCP SYN flag set and ACK flag not set, must arrive at the middlebox at the outside interface. - outbound: bi-directional TCP packet flow. First packet, with TCP SYN flag set and ACK flag not set, must arrive at the middlebox at the inside interface. - bi-directional: bi-directional TCP packet flow. First packet, with TCP SYN flag set and ACK flag not set, may arrive at inside or outside interface. We refer to the set of these parameters as an address tuple. An address tuple specifies either a communication endpoint at an internal or external device or allocated addresses at the middlebox. In this document, we distinguish four kinds of address tuples as shown in Figure 3. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 21] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 +----------+ +----------+ | internal | A0 A1 +-----------+ A2 A3 | external | | endpoint +----------+ middlebox +----------+ endpoint | +----------+ +-----------+ +----------+ Figure 3: Address tuples A0 - A3 - A0 - internal endpoint: address tuple A0 specifies a communication endpoint of a device within the - with respect to the middlebox - internal network. - A1 - middlebox inside address: address tuple A1 specifies a virtual communication endpoint at the middlebox within the internal network. A1 is the destination address for packets passing from the internal endpoint to the middlebox, and is the source for packets passing from the middlebox to the internal endpoint. - A2 - middlebox outside address: address tuple A2 specifies a virtual communication endpoint at the middlebox within the external network. A2 is the destination address for packets passing from the external endpoint to the middlebox, and is the source for packets passing from the middlebox to the external endpoint. - A3 - external endpoint: address tuple A3 specifies a communication endpoint of a devices within the - with respect to the middlebox - external network. For a firewall, the inside and outside endpoints are identical to the corresponding external or internal endpoints, respectively. In this case the installed policy rule sets the same value in A2 as in A0 (A0=A2), and sets the same value in A1 as in A3 (A1=A3). For a traditional NAT, A2 is given a value different from that of A0, but the NAT binds them. As for the firewall, so at a traditional NAT: A1 has the same value as A3. For a twice-NAT there are two bindings of address tuples: A1 and A2 are both assigned values by the NAT. The middlebox outside address A2 is bound to the internal endpoint A0 and the middlebox inside address A1 is bound to the external endpoint A3. 2.3.6. Address Parameter Constraints For transaction parameters belonging to an address tuple some constraints exist which are common for all messages using them. Therefore, these constraints are summarized in the following and not repeated again when describing the parameters in the transaction Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 22] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 descriptions. The MIDCOM semantics defined in this document specifies the handling of IPv4 and IPv6 as network protocols, and of TCP and UDP (over IPv4 and IPv6) as transport protocols. The handling of any other transport protocol, e.g. SCTP, is not defined within the semantics but may be supported by concrete protocol specifications. The IP version parameter has either the value 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. In a policy rule, the value of the IP version parameter must be the same for address tuples A0 and A1, and it must be the same for A2 and A3. The value of the IP address parameter must conform with the specified IP version. The IP address of an address tuple may be wildcarded. Whether IP address wildcarding is allowed or in which range it is allowed depends on the local policy of the middlebox, see also section 6 "Security Considerations". Wildcarding is specified by the IP address prefix length parameter of an address tuple. In line with the common use of a prefix length, this parameter indicates the number of high significant bits of the IP address that are fixed, while the remaining low significant bits of the IP address are wildcarded. The value of the transport protocol parameter can be either 'TCP', 'UDP', or 'ANY'. If the transport protocol parameter has the value 'ANY', only IP headers are considered for packet handling in the middlebox, i.e. the transport header is not considered. The values of the parameters port number, port range and port parity are irrelevant if the protocol parameter is 'ANY'. In a policy rule the value of the transport protocol parameter must be the same for all address tuples A0, A1, A2, and A3. The value of the port number parameter is either zero or a positive integer. A positive integer specifies a concrete UDP or TCP port number. The value zero specifies port wildcarding for the protocol specified by the transport protocol parameter. If the port number parameter has the value zero, then the value of the port range parameter is irrelevant. Depending on the value of the transport protocol parameter, this parameter may truly refer to ports, or may refer to an equivalent concept. The port parity parameter is differently used in the context of policy reserve rules (PRR) and policy enable rules (PER). In the context of a PRR, the value of the parameter may be 'odd', 'even', or 'any'. It specifies the parity of the first (lowest) reserved port number. In the context of a PER, the port parity parameter indicates to the Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 23] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 middlebox, whether or not port numbers allocated at the middlebox should have the same parity as the corresponding internal or external port numbers, respectively. In this context, the parameter has either the value 'same' or 'any'. If it has the value 'same', then the parity of the port number of A0 must be the same as the parity of the port number of A2, and the parity of the port number of A1 must be the same as the parity of the port number of A3. If the port parity parameter has the value 'any', then there are no constraints on the parity of any port number. The port range parameter specifies a number of consecutive port numbers. Its value is a positive integer. Together with the port number parameter this parameter defines a set of consecutive port numbers starting with the port number specified by the port number parameter as the lowest port number and having as many elements as specified by the port range parameter. A value of one specifies just a single port number. The port range parameter must have the same value for each address tuple A0, A1, A2, and A3. A single policy rule P containing a port range value greater than one is equivalent to a set of policy rules containing a number n of policies P_1, P_2, ..., P_n that equals the value of the port range parameter. All policy rules P_1, P_2, ..., P_n have a port range parameter value of one. Policy rule P_1 contains a set of address tuples A0_1, A1_1, A2_1, and A3_1, that each contain the first port number of the respective address tuples in P; policy rule P_2 contains a set of address tuples A0_2, A1_2, A2_2, and A3_2, that each contain the second port number of the respective address tuples in P; and so on. 2.3.7. Interface specific Policy Rules Usually agents do request policy rules with the knowledge of A0 and A3 only, i.e. the address tuples (see Section 2.3.5). But in very special cases, agents may need to select the interfaces to which the requested policy rule is bound. In the general case the middlebox takes care about choosing the right interfaces when reserving or enabling a policy rule, since it has the overall knowledge about its configuration. For agents that want to select the interfaces, optional parameters are include in the Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) and Policy Enable Rule (PER) transactions. These parameter are called - inside interface - the selected interface at the inside of the middlebox, i.e. in the private or protected address realm. - outside interface - the selected interface at the outside of the middlebox, i.e. in the public address realm. The Policy Rule Status (PRS) transactions include these optional parameters in its replies when they are supported. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 24] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 Agents can learn at session startup whether interface specific policy rules are supported by the middlebox or not, by checking the middlebox capabilities (see Section 2.1.6). 2.3.8. Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) transaction-name: policy reserve rule transaction-type: configuration transaction-compliance: mandatory request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. - group identifier: a reference to the group of which the policy reserve rule should be a member. As indicated in Section 2.3.3., if this value is not supplied, the middlebox assigns a new group for this policy reserve rule. - service: the requested NAT service of the middlebox. Allowed values are 'traditional' or 'twice'. - internal IP version: requested IP version at the inside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.5. - internal IP address: the IP address of the internal communication endpoint (A0 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - internal port number: the port number of the internal communication endpoint (A0 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - inside interface (optional): interface at the inside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.7. - external IP version: requested IP version at the outside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.5. - outside interface (optional): interface at the outside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.7. - transport protocol: see section 2.3.5. - port range: the number of consecutive port numbers to be reserved, see Section 2.3.5. - port parity: the requested parity of the first (lowest) port number to be reserved, Allowed values of this parameter are Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 25] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 'odd', 'even', and 'any'. See also Section 2.3.5. - policy rule lifetime: a lifetime proposal to the middlebox for the requested policy rule. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. - policy rule identifier: a middlebox-unique policy rule identifier. It is assigned by the middlebox and used as policy rule handle in further policy rule transactions, particularly to refer to the policy reserve rule in a subsequent PER transaction. - group identifier: a reference to the group of which the policy reserve rule is a member. - reserved inside IP address: The reserved IPv4 or IPv6 address on the internal side of the middlebox. For an outbound flow, this will be the destination to which the internal endpoint sends its packets (A1 in Figure 3). For an inbound flow, this will be the apparent source address of the packets as forwarded to the internal endpoint (A0 in Figure 3). The middlebox reserves and reports an internal address only in the case where twice-NAT is in effect. Otherwise, an empty value for the addresses indicates that no internal reservation was made. See also Section 2.3.5. - reserved inside port number: see section 2.3.5. - reserved outside IP address: The reserved IPv4 or IPv6 address on the external side of the middlebox. For an inbound flow, this will be the destination to which the external endpoint sends its packets (A2 in Figure 4). For an outbound flow, this will be the apparent source address of the packets as forwarded to the external endpoint (A3 in Figure 3). If the middlebox is configured as a pure firewall, an empty value for the addresses indicates that no external reservation was made. See also Section 2.3.5. - reserved outside port number: see section 2.3.5. - policy rule lifetime: the policy rule lifetime granted by the middlebox, after which the reservation will be revoked if it has not been replaced already by a policy enable rule in a PER transaction. failure reason: - agent not authorized for this transaction - agent not authorized for adding members to this group Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 26] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - lack of IP addresses - lack of port numbers - lack of resources - specified inside/outside interface does not exist - specified inside/outside interface not available for specified service notification message type: Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to reserve an IP address or a combination of IP address, transport type, port number and port range at neither, one, or both sides of the middlebox as required to support the enabling of a flow. Typically the PRR will be used in scenarios where it is required to perform such a reservation before sufficient parameters for a complete policy enable rule transaction are available. See section 4.2 for an example. When receiving the request, the middlebox determines how many address (and port) reservations are required based on its configuration. If it provides only packet filter services, it does not perform any reservation and just returns empty values for the reserved inside and outside IP addresses and port numbers. If it is configured for twice-NAT, it reserves both inside and outside IP addresses (and an optional range of port numbers) and returns them. Otherwise, it reserves and returns an outside IP address (and an optional range of port numbers) and returns empty values for the reserved inside address and port range. The A0 parameter (inside IP address version, inside IP address, and inside port number) can be used by the middlebox to determine the correct NAT mapping and thus A2 if necessary. Once a PRR transaction has reserved an outside address (A2) for an internal end point (A0) at the middlebox, the middlebox must ensure that this reserved A2 is available in any subsequent PER and PRR transaction. For middleboxes supporting interface specific policy rules, as defined in Section 2.3.7., the optional inside and outside interface parameters must be included both in the request or none of them. In the presence of these parameters the middlebox uses the outside interface parameter to select the interface at which the outside address tuple (outside IP address and port number) is reserved, and the inside interface parameter to select the interface at which the inside address tuple (inside IP address and port number) is reserved. Without the presence of these parameters, the middlebox selects the particular interfaces based on its internal configuration. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 27] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 If there is a lack of resources, such as available IP addresses, port numbers, or storage for further policy rules, then the reservation fails and an appropriate failure reply is generated. If a non-existing policy rule group was specified, or if an existing policy rule group was specified that is not owned by the requesting agent, then no new policy rule is established and an appropriate failure reply is generated. In case of success, this transaction creates a new policy reserve rule. If an already existing policy rule group is specified, then the new policy rule becomes a member of it. If no policy group is specified a new group is created with the new policy rule as its only member. The middlebox generates a middlebox-unique identifier for the new policy rule. The owner of the new policy rule is the authenticated agent that sent the request. The middlebox chooses a lifetime value that is greater than zero and less than or equal to the minimum of the requested value and the maximum lifetime specified by the middlebox at session startup, i.e.: 0 <= lt_granted <= MINIMUM(lt_requested, lt_maximum) whereas: - lt_granted is the actually granted lifetime by the middlebox - lt_requested is the requested lifetime of the agent - lt_maximum is the maximum lifetime specified at session setup The middlebox always reserves a middlebox external address tuple (A2) due to a PRR request. In a special case of a combined twice- NAT/NAT middlebox the agent can request only NAT service or twice- NAT service by choosing the service parameter 'traditional' or 'twice' respectively. An agent that does not have any preference chooses 'twice'. The 'traditional' value should only be used in order to select traditional NAT service at middleboxes offering both traditional NAT and twice NAT. In the 'twice' case the combined twice-NAT/NAT middlebox reserves A2 and A1, the 'traditional' case results in a reservation of A2 only. An agent must always use the PRR transaction for choosing NAT only or twice-NAT service in the special case of a combined twice-NAT/NAT middlebox. A firewall middlebox ignores this parameter. If the protocol identifier is 'ANY', then the middlebox reserves available inside and/or outside IP address(es) only. The reserved address(es) are returned to the agent. In this case the request- parameters port range and port parity as well as reply-parameters inside port number and outside port number are irrelevant. If the protocol identifier is 'UDP' or 'TCP', then a combination Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 28] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 of an IP address and a consecutive sequence of port numbers, starting with the specified parity, is reserved, on neither, one, or both sides of the middlebox as appropriate. The IP address(es) and the first (lowest) reserved port number(s) of the consecutive sequence are returned to the agent. (This also applies to other protocols supporting ports or the equivalent.) After a new policy reserve rule was successfully established and the reply message has been sent to the requesting agent, the middlebox checks if there are other authenticated agents participating in open sessions, which can access the new policy rule. If the middlebox finds one or more of these agents, then it sends a REN message reporting the new policy rule to each of them. MIDCOM agents use the policy enable rule (PER) transaction to enable policy reserve rules that have been established beforehand by a policy reserve rule (PRR) transaction. See also Section 2.3.2. 2.3.9. Policy Enable Rule (PER) transaction-name: policy enable rule transaction-type: configuration transaction-compliance: mandatory request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. - policy reserve rule identifier: a reference to an already existing policy reserve rule created by a PRR transaction. The reference may be empty, in which case the middlebox must assign any necessary addresses and port numbers within this PER transaction. If it is not empty, then the following request parameters are irrelevant: group identifier, transport protocol, port range, port parity, internal IP version, external IP version. - group identifier: a reference to the group of which the policy enable rule should be a member. As indicated in Section 2.3.3., if this value is not supplied, the middlebox assigns a new group for this policy reserve rule. - transport protocol: see section 2.3.5. - port range: the number of consecutive port numbers to be reserved, see Section 2.3.5. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 29] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - port parity: the requested parity of the port number(s) to be mapped. Allowed values of this parameter are 'same' and 'any'. See also Section 2.3.5. - direction of flow: this parameter specifies the direction of enabled communication, either 'inbound', 'outbound', or 'bi- directional'. - internal IP version: requested IP version at the inside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.5. - internal IP address: the IP address of the internal communication endpoint (A0 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - internal port number: the port number of the internal communication endpoint (A0 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - inside interface (optional): interface at the inside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.7. - external IP version: requested IP version at the outside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.5. - external IP address: the IP address of the external communication endpoint (A3 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - external port number: the port number of the external communication endpoint (A3 in Fig. 4), see Section 2.3.5. - outside interface (optional): interface at the outside of the middlebox, see Section 2.3.7. - policy rule lifetime: a lifetime proposal to the middlebox for the requested policy rule. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. - policy rule identifier: a middlebox-unique policy rule identifier. It is assigned by the middlebox and used as policy rule handle in further policy rule transactions. If a policy reserve rule identifier was provided in the request, then the returned policy rule identifier has the same value. - group identifier: a reference to the group of which the policy enable rule is a member. If a policy reserve rule identifier was provided in the request, then this parameter identifies the group, of which the policy reserve rule was a member. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 30] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - inside IP address: the IP address provided at the inside of the middlebox (A1 in Fig. 3). In case of a twice-NAT, this parameter will be an internal IP address reserved at the inside of the middlebox. In all other cases, this reply-parameter will be identical with the external IP address passed with the request. If the policy reserve rule identifier parameter was supplied in the request and if the respective PRR transaction reserved an inside IP address, then the inside IP address provided in the PER response will be the identical value to that returned by the response to the PRR request. See also Section 2.3.5. - inside port number: the internal port number provided at the inside of the middlebox (A1 in Fig. 3), see also Section 2.3.5. - outside IP address: the external IP address provided at the outside of the middlebox (A2 in Fig. 4). In case of a pure firewall, this parameter will be identical with the internal IP address passed with the request. In all other cases, this reply- parameter will be an external IP address reserved at the outside of the middlebox. See also Section 2.3.5. - outside port number: the external port number provided at the outside of the NAT (A2 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5.. - policy rule lifetime: the policy rule lifetime granted by the middlebox. failure reason: - agent not authorized for this transaction - agent not authorized for adding members to this group - no such policy reserve rule - agent not authorized for replacing this policy reserve rule - conflict with already existing policy rule (e.g. the same internal address-port is being mapped to different outside address-port pairs) - lack of IP addresses - lack of port numbers - lack of resources - no internal IP wildcarding allowed - no external IP wildcarding allowed - specified inside/outside interface does not exist - specified inside/outside interface not available for specified service - reserved A0 to requested A0 mismatch notification message type: Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) semantics: This transaction can be used by an agent for enabling Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 31] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 communication between an internal endpoint and an external endpoint independently of the type of middlebox (NAT, NAPT, firewall, NAT-PT, combined devices, ... ), for unidirectional or bi-directional traffic. The agent sends an enable request specifying the endpoints (optionally including wildcards) and the direction of communication (inbound, outbound, bi-directional). The communication endpoints are displayed in Figure 3. The basic operation of the PER transaction can be described by 1. the agent sending A0 and A3 to the middlebox, 2. the middlebox reserving A1 and A2 or using A1 and A2 from a previous PRR transaction 3. the middlebox enabling packet transfer between A0 and A3 by binding A0-A2 and A1-A3 and/or by opening the corresponding pinholes, both according to the specified direction, 4. the middlebox returning A1 and A2 to the agent. In case of a pure packet filtering firewall, the returned address tuples are the same as the ones in the request: A2=A0 and A1=A3. Each partner uses the other one's real address. In case of a traditional NAT the internal endpoint may use the real address of the external endpoint (A1=A3), but the external endpoint uses an address tuple provided by the NAT (A2!=A0). In case of a twice- NAT device, both endpoints use address tuples provided by the NAT for addressing their communication partner (A3!=A1 and A2!=A0). If a firewall is combined with a NAT or a twice-NAT, the replied address tuples will be the same as for pure traditional NAT or twice-NAT, respectively, but the middlebox will configure its packet filter in addition to the performed NAT bindings. In case of a firewall combined with a traditional NAT, the policy rule may imply more than one enable action for the firewall configuration, because incoming and outgoing packets may use different source- destination pairs. For middleboxes supporting interface specific policy rules, as defined in Section 2.3.7., the optional inside and outside interface parameters must be included both in the request or none of them. In the presence of these parameters the middlebox uses the outside interface parameter to select the interface at which the outside address tuple (outside IP address and port number) is bound, and the inside interface parameter to select the interface at which the inside address tuple (inside IP address and port number) is bound. Without the presence of these parameters, the middlebox selects the particular interfaces based on its internal Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 32] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 configuration. Checking the policy reservation rule identifier If the parameter specifying the policy reservation rule identifier is not empty, then the middlebox checks whether or not the referenced policy rule exists, whether or not the agent is authorized to replace this policy rule, and whether or not this policy rule is a policy reserve rule. In case of success, this transaction creates a new policy enable rule. If a policy reserve rule was referenced, then the policy reserve rule is terminated without an explicit notification sent to the agent (besides the successful PER reply). The PRR transaction sets the internal endpoint A0 during the reservation process. In the process of creating a new policy enable rule, the middlebox may check whether the requested A0 is equal to the reserved A0. The middlebox may reject a PER request with a requested A0 not equal to the reserved A0 and must sent an appropriate failure message. The middlebox may change A0 due to the PER request. The middlebox generates a middlebox-unique identifier for the new policy rule. If a policy reserve rule was referenced, then the identifier of the policy reserve rule is re-used. The owner of the new policy rule is the authenticated agent that sent the request. Checking the policy rule group identifier If no policy reserve rule was specified, then the policy rule group parameter is checked. If a non-existing policy rule group is specified, or if an existing policy rule group is specified that is not owned by the requesting agent, then no new policy rule is established and an appropriate failure reply is generated. If an already existing policy rule group is specified, then the new policy rule becomes a member of it. If no policy group is specified, then a new group is created with the new policy rule as its only member. If the transport protocol parameter value is 'any', then the middlebox enables communication between the specified external IP address and the specified internal IP address. The addresses to be used by the communication partners in order to address each other are returned to the agent as inside IP address and outside Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 33] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 IP address. If the reservation identifier is not empty and if the reservation used the same transport protocol type, then the reserved IP addresses are used. For the transport protocol parameter values 'UDP' and 'TCP' the middlebox acts analogously to 'ANY' but additionally maps ranges of port numbers, keeping the port parity if requested. The configuration of the middlebox may fail because of lack of resources, such as available IP addresses, port numbers, or storage for further policy rules. Also it may fail because of a conflict with an already established policy rule. In case of a conflict, the first come first serve mechanism is applied. Already existing policy rules remain unchanged and arriving new ones are rejected. However, in case of a non-conflicting overlap of policy rules (including identical policy rules), all policy rules are accepted. The middlebox chooses a lifetime value that is greater than zero and less than or equal to the minimum of the requested value and the maximum lifetime specified by the middlebox at session startup, i.e.: 0 <= lt_granted <= MINIMUM(lt_requested, lt_maximum) whereas: - lt_granted is the actually granted lifetime by the middlebox - lt_requested is the requested lifetime of the agent - lt_maximum is the maximum lifetime specified at session setup In each case of failure, an appropriate failure reply is generated. The policy reserve rule that is referenced in the PER transaction is not affected in case of a failure within the PER transaction, i.e. the policy reserve rule remains. After a new policy enable rule was successfully established and the reply message has been sent to the requesting agent, the middlebox checks if there are other authenticated agents participating in open sessions, which can access the new policy rule. If the middlebox finds one or more of these agents, then it sends a REN message reporting the new policy rule to each of them. 2.3.10. Policy Rule Lifetime Change (RLC) transaction-name: policy rule lifetime change transaction-type: configuration transaction-compliance: mandatory Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 34] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. - policy rule identifier: identifying the policy rule for which the lifetime is requested to be changed. This may identify either a policy reserve rule or a policy enable rule. - policy rule lifetime: the new lifetime proposal for the policy rule. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. - policy rule lifetime: The remaining policy rule lifetime granted by the middlebox. failure reason: - agent not authorized for this transaction - agent not authorized for changing lifetime of this policy rule - no such policy rule - lifetime cannot be extended notification message type: Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to request the extension of an already established policy rule's lifetime, to request shortening of the life time, or to request policy rule termination. Policy rule termination is requested by suggesting a new policy rule lifetime of zero. The middlebox first checks whether or not the specified policy rule exists and whether or not the agent is authorized to access this policy rule. If one of the checks fails, an appropriate failure reply is generated. If the requested lifetime is longer than the current one, the middlebox also checks, whether or not the lifetime of the policy rule may be extended and generates an appropriate failure message if not. A failure reply implies that the new lifetime was not accepted, and the policy rule remains unchanged. A success reply is generated by the middlebox, if the lifetime of the policy rule was changed in any way. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 35] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 The success reply contains the new lifetime of the policy rule. The middlebox chooses a lifetime value that is greater than zero and less than or equal to the minimum of the requested value and the maximum lifetime specified by the middlebox at session startup, i.e.: 0 <= lt_granted <= MINIMUM(lt_requested, lt_maximum) whereas: - lt_granted is the actually granted lifetime by the middlebox - lt_requested is the requested lifetime of the agent - lt_maximum is the maximum lifetime specified at session setup After sending a success reply with a lifetime of zero, the middlebox will consider the policy rule to be non-existent. Any further transaction on this policy rule results in a negative reply, indicating that this policy rule does not exist anymore. Please note, that policy rule lifetime may also be changed by the Group Lifetime Change (GLC) transaction if applied to the group of which the policy rule is a member. After the remaining policy rule lifetime was successfully changed and the reply message has been sent to the requesting agent, the middlebox checks if there are other authenticated agents participating in open sessions, which can access the policy rule. If the middlebox finds one or more of these agents, then it sends a REN message reporting the new remaining policy rule lifetime to each of them. 2.3.11. Policy Rule List (PRL) transaction-name: policy rule list transaction-type: monitoring transaction-compliance: mandatory request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 36] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - policy list: list of policy rule identifiers of all policy rules that the agent can access. failure reason: - transaction not supported - agent not authorized for this transaction semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to list all policies which it can access. Usually, the agent has this information already, but in special cases (for example after an agent fail-over) or for special agents (for example an administrating agent that can access all policies) this transaction can be helpful. The middlebox first checks whether or not the agent is authorized to request this transaction. If the check fails, an appropriate failure reply is generated. Otherwise a list of all policies the agent can access is returned indicating the identifier and the owner of each policy. This transaction does not have any effect on the policy rule state. 2.3.12. Policy Rule Status (PRS) transaction-name: policy rule status transaction-type: monitoring transaction-compliance: mandatory request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. - policy rule identifier: the middlebox-unique policy rule identifier. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. - policy rule owner: an identifier of the agent owning this policy rule. - group identifier: a reference to the group of which the policy rule is a member. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 37] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - policy rule action: this parameter has either the value 'reserve' or the value 'enable'. - transport protocol: identifies the protocol for which a reservation is requested, see Section 2.3.5. - port range: the number of consecutive port numbers, see Section 2.3.5. - direction: the direction of the communication enabled by the middlebox. Applicable only to policy enable rules. - internal IP address version: the version of the internal IP address (IP version of A0 in Fig. 3) - external IP address version: the version of the external IP address (IP version of A3 in Fig. 3) - internal IP address: the IP address of the internal communication endpoint (A0 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - internal port number: the port number of the internal communication endpoint (A0 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - external IP address: the IP address of the external communication endpoint (A3 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - external port number: the port number of the external communication endpoint (A3 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - inside interface (optional): the inside interface at the middlebox, see Section 2.3.7. - inside IP address: the internal IP address provided at the inside of the NAT (A1 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - inside port number: the internal port number provided at the inside of the NAT (A1 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - outside interface (optional): the outside interface at the middlebox, see Section 2.3.7. - outside IP address: the external IP address provided at the outside of the NAT (A2 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - outside port number: the external port number provided at the outside of the NAT (A2 in Fig. 3), see Section 2.3.5. - port parity: The parity of the allocated ports. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 38] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - service: The selected service in the case of mixed traditional and twice-NAT middlebox(see section 2.3.8.) - policy rule lifetime: the remaining lifetime of the policy rule. failure reason: - transaction not supported - agent not authorized for this transaction - no such policy rule - agent not authorized for accessing this policy rule semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to list all properties of a policy rule. Usually, the agent has this information already, but in special cases (for example after an agent fail-over) or for special agents (for example an administrating agent that can access all policy rules) this transaction can be helpful. The middlebox first checks whether or not the specified policy rule exists and whether or not the agent is authorized to access this group. If one of the checks fails, an appropriate failure reply is generated. Otherwise all properties of the policy rule are returned to the agent. Some of the returned parameters may be irrelevant, depending on the policy rule action ('reserve' or 'enable') and depending on other parameters, for example the protocol identifier. This transaction does not have any effect on the policy rule state. 2.3.13. Asynchronous Policy Rule Event (ARE) transaction-name: asynchronous policy rule event transaction-type: notification transaction-compliance: mandatory notification message type: Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) semantics: The middlebox may decide at any point in time to terminate a policy rule. Particularly, this transaction is triggered by lifetime expiration of the policy rule. Among other events that may cause this transaction are changes in the policy rule decision point. The middlebox sends a REN message to all agents that participate Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 39] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 in an open session with the middlebox and that are authorized to access the policy rule. The notification is sent to the agents before the middlebox changes the policy rule's lifetime. The change of lifetime may be triggered by any other authorized agent and results in shortening (lt_new < lt_existing), extending (lt_new > lt_existing), or in terminating the policy rule (lt_new = 0). The ARE transaction corresponds to the REN message handling described in Section 2.3.4. for multiple agents. 2.3.14. Policy Rule State Machine The state machine for the policy rule transactions is shown in Figure 4 with all possible state transitions. You'll find the used transaction abbreviations in the headings of the particular transaction section. PRR/success +---------------+ +-----------------+ PRID UNUSED |<-+ +----+ | +---------------+ | | | | ^ | | | v v | | | | +-------------+ ARE | | PER/ | ARE | | RESERVED +------------+ | success | RLC(lt=0)/ | +-+----+------+ RLC(lt=0)/ | | success | | | success | | +----+ | v | RLC(lt>0)/ | PER/success +---------------+ | success +---------------->| ENABLED +--+ +-+-------------+ | ^ lt = lifetime +-----------+ RLC(lt>0)/success Figure 4: Policy Rule State Machine This state machine exists per policy rule identifier (PRID). Initially, all policy rules are in state PRID UNUSED, which means that the policy rule does not exist or is not active. After returning to state PRID UNUSED, the policy rule identifier is no longer bound to an existing policy rule and may be re-used by the middlebox. A successful PRR transaction causes a transition from the initial state PRID UNUSED to state RESERVED, where an address reservation is established. From there, state ENABLED can be entered by a PER transaction. This transaction can also be used for entering state ENABLED directly from state PRID UNUSED without a reservation. In Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 40] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 state ENABLED the requested communication between the internal and the external endpoint is enabled. The states RESERVED and ENABLED can be maintained by a successful RLC transactions with a requested lifetime greater than 0. Transitions from both of these states back to state PRID UNUSED can be caused by an ARE transaction or by a successful RLC transaction with a lifetime parameter of 0. A failed request transactions does not change state at the middlebox. Please note, transitions initiated by RLC transactions may also be initiated by GLC transactions. 2.4. Policy Rule Group Transactions This section describes the semantics for transactions on groups of policy rules. These transactions are specified: - Group Lifetime Change (GLC) - Group List (GL) - Group Status (GS) All are request transactions initiated by the agent. GLC is a convenience transaction. GL and GS are monitoring transactions that do not have any effect on the group state machine. 2.4.1. Overview A policy rule group has only one attribute: the list of its members. All member policies of a single group must be owned by the same authenticated agent. Therefore, an implicit property of a group is its owner, which is the owner of the member policy rules. A group is created implicitly, when its first member policy rule is established. A group is terminated implicitly, when the last remaining member policy rule is terminated. Consequently, the lifetime of a group is the maximum of the lifetimes of all member policy rules. A group has a middlebox-unique identifier. Group transactions are declared as 'optional' by their respective compliance entry in Section 3. However, they provide some functionality, like convenience for the agent in sending only one request instead of several, that is not available if only mandatory transactions are available. The Group Lifetime Change (GLC) transaction is equivalent to simultaneously performed Policy Rule Lifetime Change (RLC) Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 41] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 transactions on all members of the group. The result of a successful GLC transaction is that all member policy rules have the same lifetime. Analogously to the RLC transaction, the GLC transaction can be use for deleting all member policy rules by requesting a lifetime of zero. The monitoring transactions Group List (GL) and Group Status (GS) can be used by the agent for exploring the state of the middlebox and for exploring its access rights. The GL transaction lists all groups that the agent may access, including groups owned by other agents. The GS transaction reports the status on an individual group and it lists all policy rules of this group by their policy rule identifiers. The agent can explore the state of the individual policy rules by using the policy rule identifiers in a policy rule status (PRS) transaction (see Section 2.3.12). The GL and GS transactions are particularly helpful in case of an agent fail-over. The agent taking over the role of a failed one can use these transactions for retrieving which policies has been established by the failed agent. Notifications on group events are generated analogously to policy rule events. For notifying agents about group events, the Policy Rule Group Event Notification (GEN) message type is used. GEN messages contain an agent-unique notification identifier, the policy rule group identifier and the remaining lifetime of the group. 2.4.2. Group Lifetime Change (GLC) transaction-name: group lifetime change transaction-type: convenience transaction-compliance: optional request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. - group identifier: a reference to the group for which the lifetime is requested to be changed. - group lifetime: the new lifetime proposal for the group. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 42] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - group lifetime: The group lifetime granted by the middlebox. failure reason: - transaction not supported - agent not authorized for this transaction - agent not authorized for changing lifetime of this group - no such group - lifetime cannot be extended notification message type: Policy Rule Group Event Notification (GEN) semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to request an extension of the lifetime of all members of a policy rule group, to request shortening the lifetime of all members, or to request termination of all member policies (which implies termination of the group). Termination is requested by suggesting a new group lifetime of zero. The middlebox first checks whether or not the specified group exists and whether or not the agent is authorized to access this group. If one of the checks fails, an appropriate failure reply is generated. If the requested lifetime is longer than the current one, the middlebox also checks whether or not the lifetime of the group may be extended and generates an appropriate failure message if not. A failure reply implies that the lifetime of the group remains unchanged. A success reply is generated by the middlebox if the lifetime of the group was changed in any way. The success reply contains the new common lifetime of all member policy rules of the group. The middlebox chooses the new lifetime less than or equal to the minimum of the requested lifetime and the maximum lifetime that the middlebox specified at session setup together with its other capabilities, i.e.: 0 <= lt_granted <= MINIMUM(lt_requested, lt_maximum) whereas: - lt_granted is the actually granted lifetime by the middlebox - lt_requested is the requested lifetime of the agent - lt_maximum is the maximum lifetime specified at session setup After sending a success reply with a lifetime of zero, the member policy rules will be terminated without any further notification to the agent, and the middlebox will consider the group and all of its members to be non-existent. Any further transaction on this Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 43] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 policy rule group or on any of its members results in a negative reply, indicating that this group or policy rule, respectively, does not exist anymore. After the remaining policy rule group lifetime was successfully changed and the reply message has been sent to the requesting agent, the middlebox checks if there are other authenticated agents participating in open sessions, which can access the policy rule group. If the middlebox finds one or more of these agents, then it sends a GEN message reporting the new remaining policy rule group lifetime to each of them. 2.4.3. Group List (GL) transaction-name: group list transaction-type: monitoring transaction-compliance: optional request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. - group list: list of all groups that the agent can access. For each listed group the identifier and the owner are indicated. failure reason: - transaction not supported - agent not authorized for this transaction semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to list all groups which it can access. Usually, the agent has this information already, but in special cases (for example after an agent fail-over) or for special agents (for example an administrating agent that can access all groups) this transaction can be helpful. The middlebox first checks whether or not the agent is authorized to request this transaction. If the check fails, an appropriate failure reply is generated. Otherwise a list of all groups the agent can access is returned indicating the identifier and the owner of each group. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 44] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 This transaction does not have any effect on the group state. 2.4.4. Group Status (GS) transaction-name: group status transaction-type: monitoring transaction-compliance: optional request-parameters: - request identifier: an agent-unique identifier for matching corresponding request and reply at the agent. - group identifier: a reference to the group for which status information is requested. reply-parameters (success): - request identifier: an identifier matching the identifier of the request. - group owner: an identifier of the agent owning this policy rule group. - group lifetime: the remaining lifetime of the group. This is the maximum of the remaining lifetime of all members policy rules. - member list: list of all policy rules that are members of the group. The policy rules are specified by their middlebox-unique policy rule identifier. failure reason: - transaction not supported - agent not authorized for this transaction - no such group - agent not authorized for listing members of this group semantics: The agent can use this transaction type to list all member policy rules of a group. Usually, the agent has this information already, but in special cases (for example after an agent fail- over) or for special agents (for example an administrating agent that can access all groups) this transaction can be helpful. The middlebox first checks whether or not the specified group exists and whether or not the agent is authorized to access this group. If one of the checks fails, an appropriate failure reply Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 45] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 is generated. Otherwise a list of all group members is returned indicating the identifier of each group. This transaction does not have any effect on the group state. 3. Conformance Statements A protocol definition complies with the semantics defined in Section 2 if the protocol specification includes all specified transactions with all their mandatory parameters. However, concrete implementations of the protocol may support only some of the optional transactions, but not all of them. Which transactions are required for compliancy is different for agent and middlebox. This section contains conformance statements for MIDCOM protocol implementations related to the semantics. Conformance is specified differently for agents and middleboxes. Most probably these conformance statements will be extended by a concrete protocol specification. However, such an extension is expected to extend the statements below in a way that all of them still hold. The following list shows the transaction-compliance property of all transactions as specified in the previous section: - Session Control Transactions - Session Establishment (SE) mandatory - Session Termination (ST) mandatory - Asynchronous Session Termination (AST) mandatory - Policy Rule Transactions - Policy Reserve Rule (PRR) mandatory - Policy Enable Rule (PER) mandatory - Policy Rule Lifetime Change (RLC) mandatory - Policy Rule List (PRL) mandatory - Policy Rule Status (PRS) mandatory - Asynchronous Policy Rule Event (ARE) mandatory - Policy Rule Group Transactions - Group Lifetime Change (GLC) optional - Group List (GL) optional - Group Status (GS) optional 3.1. General Implementation Conformance A compliant implementation of a MIDCOM protocol must support all mandatory transactions. A compliant implementation of a MIDCOM protocol may support none, one, or more of the following transactions: GLC, GL, GS. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 46] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 A compliant implementation may extend the protocol semantics by further transactions. A compliant implementation of a MIDCOM protocol must support all mandatory parameters of each transaction concerning the information contained. The set of parameters can be redefined per transaction as long as the contained information is maintained. A compliant implementation of a MIDCOM protocol may support the use of interface specific policy rules. The optional inside and outside interface parameters in PRR, PER, and PRS must be included both or none of them when interface specific policy rules are supported. A compliant implementation may extend the list of parameters of transactions. A compliant implementation may replace a single transaction by a set of more fine-grained transactions. In such a case, it must be ensured, that requirement 2.1.4 (deterministic behavior) and requirement 2.1.5 (known and stable state) of [MDC-REQ] are still met. When a single transaction is replaced by a set of multiple fine-grained transactions, this set must be equivalent to a single transaction. This multiple fine-grained transactions must further meet the atomicity requirement stated in section 2.1.3. 3.2. Middlebox Conformance A middlebox implementation of a MIDCOM protocol supports a request transaction if it is able to receive and process all possible correct message instances of the particular request transaction and if it generates a correct reply for any correct request it receives. A middlebox implementation of a MIDCOM protocol supports an asynchronous transaction if it is able to generate the corresponding notification message properly. A compliant middlebox implementation of a MIDCOM protocol must inform the agent about the list of supported transactions within the SE transaction. 3.3. Agent Conformance An agent implementation of a MIDCOM protocol supports a request transaction if it is able to generate the corresponding request message properly and if it is able to receive and process all possible correct replies to the particular request. An agent implementation of a MIDCOM protocol supports an asynchronous transaction if it is able to receive and process all possible correct message instances of the particular transaction. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 47] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 A compliant agent implementation of a MIDCOM protocol must not use any optional transaction that is not supported by the middlebox. The middlebox informs the agent about the list of supported transactions within the SE transaction. 4. Transaction Usage Examples This section gives two usage examples of the transactions specified in Section 2. First it is shown, how an agent can explore all policy rules and policy rule groups, which it may access at a middlebox. the second example shows the configuration of a middlebox in combination with the setup of a voice over IP session with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261]. 4.1. Exploring Policy Rules and Policy Rule Groups This example assumes an already established session. It shows how an agent can find out - which groups it may access and who owns these groups - the status and member list of all accessible groups - the status and properties of all accessible policy rules If there is just a single session, there is no need for any of these actions, because the middlebox informs the agent about each state transition of any policy rule or policy rule group. However, after the disruption of a session or after an intentional session termination, the agent might want to re-establish the session and explore, which of the groups and policy rules it established are still in place. Also an agent system may fail and another one takes over. Then the other one need to find out what has already been configured by the failing system and what still needs to be done. A third situation where exploring policy rules and groups is useful is the case of an agent with 'administrator' authorization. This agent may access any policy rule or group created by any other agent and modify them. All of them probably will start their exploration with the Group List (GL) transaction, as shown in Figure 5. On this request, the middlebox returns a list of pairs each containing an agent identifier and a group identifier (GID). The agent gets informed which own group and which of other agents' groups it may access. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 48] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 agent middlebox | GL | |**********************************************>| |<**********************************************| | (agent1,GID1) (agent1,GID2) (agent2,GID3) | | | | GS GID2 | |**********************************************>| |<**********************************************| | agent1 lifetime PID1 PID2 PID3 PID4 | | | Figure 5: Using the GL and the GS transaction In Figure 5 three groups are accessible to the agent, and the agent retrieves information about the second group by using the Group Status (GS) transaction. It receives the owner of the group, the remaining lifetime, and the list of member policy rules, in this case containing four policy rule identifiers (PIDs). In the following, the agent explores these four policy rules. The example assumes the middlebox to be a traditional NAPT. Figure 6 shows the exploration of the first policy rule. As reply to a Policy Rule Status (PRS) transaction, the middlebox always returns the following list of parameters: - policy rule owner - group identifier - policy rule action (reserve or enable) - protocol type - port range - direction - internal IP address - internal port number - external address - external port number - middlebox inside IP address - middlebox inside port number - middlebox outside IP address - middlebox outside port number - IP address versions (not printed) - middlebox service (not printed) - inside and outside interface (optional, not printed) Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 49] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 agent middlebox | PRS PID1 | |**********************************************>| |<**********************************************| | agent1 GID2 RESERVE UDP 1 | | ANY ANY ANY ANY | | ANY ANY IPADR_OUT PORT_OUT1 | | | Figure 6: Status report for an outside reservation The `ANY' parameter printed in Figure 6 is used as a placeholder in policy rules status replies for policy reserve rules. The policy rule with PID1 is a policy reserve rule for UDP traffic at the outside of the middlebox. Since there is no internal or external address involved yet, these four fields are wildcarded in the reply. The same holds for the inside middlebox address and port number. The only address information given by the reply is the reserved outside IP address of the middlebox (IPADDR_OUT) and the corresponding port number (PORT_OUT1). Note, that IPADR_OUT and PORT_OUT1 may not be wildcarded, because the reserve action does not support this. Applying PRS to PID2 (Figure 7) shows that the second policy rule is an policy enable rule for inbound UDP packets. The internal destination is fixed concerning IP address, protocol and port number, but for the external source, the port number is wildcarded. The outside IP address and port number of the middlebox are the ones the external sender needs to use as destination in the original packet it sends. At the middlebox, the destination address is replaced with the internal address of the final receiver. During address translation, the source IP address and the source port numbers of the packets remain unchanged. This is indicated by the inside address which is identical to the external address. agent middlebox | PRS PID2 | |**********************************************>| |<**********************************************| | agent1 GID2 ENABLE UDP 1 IN | | IPADR_INT PORT_INT1 IPADR_EXT ANY | | IPADR_EXT ANY IPADR_OUT PORT_OUT2 | | | Figure 7: Status report for enabled inbound packets For traditional NATs the identity of the inside IP address and port number with the external IP address and port number always holds (A1=A3 in Figure 3). For a pure firewall, also the outside IP address and port number are always identical with the internal IP address and port number (A0=A2 in Figure 3). Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 50] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 agent middlebox | PRS PID3 | |**********************************************>| |<**********************************************| | agent1 GID2 ENABLE UDP 1 OUT | | IPADR_INT PORT_INT2 IPADR_EXT PORT_EXT1 | | IPADR_EXT PORT_EXT1 IPADR_OUT PORT_OUT3 | | | Figure 8: Status report for enabled outbound packets Figure 8 shows enabled outbound UDP communication between the same host. Here all port numbers are known. Since again A1=A3, the internal sender uses the external IP address and port number as destination in the original packets. At the firewall, the internal source IP address and port number are replaced by the shown outside IP address and port number of the middlebox. agent middlebox | PRS PID4 | |**********************************************>| |<**********************************************| | agent1 GID2 ENABLE TCP 1 BI | | IPADR_INT PORT_INT3 IPADR_EXT PORT_EXT2 | | IPADR_EXT PORT_EXT2 IPADR_OUT PORT_OUT4 | | | Figure 9: Status report for bi-directional TCP traffic Finally, Figure 9 shows the status report for enabled bi-directional TCP traffic. Please note that still A1=A3: For outbound packets, only the source IP address and port number are replaced at the middlebox, and for inbound packets, only the destination IP address and port number are replaced. 4.2. Enabling a SIP-Signaled Call This elaborated transaction usage example shows the interaction between a SIP proxy and a middlebox. The middlebox itself is a traditional Network Address and Port Translation (NAPT) and two SIP user agents communicate with each other via the SIP proxy and NAPT as shown in figure 10. The MIDCOM agent is co-located with the SIP proxy and the MIDCOM server is at the middlebox. Thus the MIDCOM protocol runs between the SIP proxy and middlebox Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 51] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 +-------------+ | SIP Proxy | | for domain ++++ | example.com | + +-------------+ + ^ ^ + Private | | + Public Network Network | | + +----------+ | | +----+------+ +----------------+ | SIP User |<-+ +->| Middlebox |<------->| SIP User Agent | | Agent A |<#######>| NAPT |<#######>| B@example.org | +----------+ +-----------+ +----------------+ <--> SIP Signaling <##> RTP Traffic ++++ MIDCOM protocol Figure 10: Example SIP Scenario For the below sequence charts we make these assumptions: - The NAPT is statically configured to forward SIP signaling from the outside to the SIP proxy server, i.e. traffic to the NAPT's external IP address and port 5060 is forwarded to the internal SIP proxy. - The SIP user agent A, located inside the private network, is registered at the SIP proxy with its private IP address. - User A knows the general SIP URL of user B. The URL is B@xample.org. However, the concrete URL of the SIP User Agent B, which user B currently uses is not known. - Only the RTP paths are configured, but not the RTCP paths. - The middlebox and the SIP server share an already established MIDCOM session. - Some parameters are omitted, like the request identifier (RID) Furthermore these abbreviations are used: - IP_AI: Internal IP address of user agent A - P_AI: Internal port number of user agent A to receive RTP data - P_AE: External mapped port number of user agent A - IP_AE: External IP address of the middlebox - IP_B: IP address of user agent B Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 52] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 - P_B: Port number of user agent B to receive RTP data - GID: Group identifier - PID: Policy rule identifier The abbreviations of the MIDCOM transactions can be found in the particular section headings. In our example, user A tries to call user B. Therefore, the user agent A sends an INVITE SIP message to the SIP proxy server (see Figure 10). The SDP part of the particular SIP message that is relevant for the middlebox configuration is shown in the sequence chart as: SDP: m=..P_AI.. c=IP_AI where the m tag is the media tag which contains the receiving UDP port number and the c tag contains the IP address of the terminal receiving the media stream. The INVITE message forwarded to user agent B must contain a public IP address and a port number to which user agent B can send its RTP media stream. The SIP proxy requests a policy enable rule at the middlebox with a PER request with wildcarded IP address and port number of user agent B. Since neither IP address nor port numbers of user agent B are known at this point of time, the address of user agent B must be wildcarded. The wildcarded IP address and port number enables the 'early media' capability, but results in some insecurity, since any outside host can reach user agent A on the enabled port number through the middlebox. User Agent SIP Middlebox User Agent A Proxy NAPT B | | | | | INIVTE | | | | B@example.org | | | | SDP:m=..P_AI.. | | | | c=IP_AI | | | |--------------->| | | | | | | | | PER PID1 UDP 1 EVEN IN | | | | IP_AI P_AI ANY ANY 300s | | | |*****************************>| | | |<*****************************| | | | PER OK GID1 PID1 ANY ANY | | | | IP_AE P_AE1 300s | | Figure 11: PER with wildcard address and port number Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 53] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 A successfully PER reply, as shown in Figure 11, results in a NAT binding at the middlebox. This binding enables UDP traffic from any host outside of user agent A's private network to reach user agent A. So user agent B could start sending traffic immediately after receiving the INVITE message, and so can do any other host. Even hosts that are not intended to be a participant, like any malicious host. In the case the middlebox does not support or does not permit IP address wildcarding for security reasons, the PER request will be rejected with an appropriate failure reason, like 'IP wildcarding not supported'. Nevertheless, the SIP proxy server needs an outside IP address and port number at the middlebox (the NAPT) in order to forward the SIP INVITE message. The IP address of user agent B is still not known yet (it will be sent by user agent B in the SIP reply message) and IP address wildcarding is not permitted, the SIP proxy server uses the PRR transaction. By using the PRR request the SIP proxy requests an outside IP address and port number (see Figure 12) without already establishing a NAT binding or pin hole. The PRR request contains the service parameter 'tw', i.e. the MIDCOM agent chooses the default value. In this configuration, NAPT and no twice NAT, only an outside address is reserved. The SIP proxy server replaces in the SDP payload of the INVITE message the IP address and port number of user agent A by the reserved IP address and port from PRR reply (see Figure 12). The SIP INVITE message is forwarded to user agent B with a modified SDP body containing the outside address and port number, to which user agent B will send its RTP media stream. User Agent SIP Middlebox User Agent A Proxy NAPT B | | | | ...PER in Figure 11 has failed, continuing with PRR ... | | | | | |PRR tw v4 v4 A UDP 1 EVEN 300s| | | |*****************************>| | | |<*****************************| | | | PRR OK PID1 GID1 EMPTY | | | | IP_AE/P_AE 300s | | | | | | | | INVITE B@example.org SDP:m=..P_AE.. c=IP_AE | | |-------------------------------------------->| | |<--------------------------------------------| | | 200 OK SDP:m=..P_B.. c=IP_B | Figure 12: Address reservation with PRR transaction Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 54] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 This SIP `200 OK' reply contains the IP address and port number, at which user agent B will receive a media stream. The IP address is assumed to be equal to the IP address from which user agent B will send its media stream. Now, the SIP proxy server has sufficient information for establishing the complete NAT binding with a policy enable rule (PER) transaction, i.e. the UDP/RTP data of the call can flow from user agent B to user agent A. The PER transaction references the reservation by passing the PID of the PRR (PID1). For the opposite direction, UDP/RTP data from user agent A to B, has to be enabled also. This is done by a second PER transaction with all the necessary parameters (see figure 13). The request message contains the group identifier (GID1) the middlebox has assigned in the first PER transaction. Therefore, both policy rules have become members of the same group. After having enabled both UDP/RTP streams the SIP proxy can forward the `200 OK' SIP message to user agent A to indicate that the telephone call can start. User Agent SIP Middlebox User Agent A Proxy NAPT B | | | | | | PER PID1 UDP 1 SAME IN | | | | IP_AI P_AI IP_B ANY 300s | | | |*****************************>| | | |<*****************************| | | | PER OK GID1 PID1 IP_B ANY | | | | IP_AE P_AE1 300s | | | | | | ...media stream from user agent B to A enabled... | | | | | | PER GID1 UDP 1 SAME OUT | | | | IP_AI ANY IP_B P_B 300s | | | |*****************************>| | | |<*****************************| | | | PER OK GID1 PID2 IP_B P_B | | | | IP_AE P_AE2 300s | | | | | | ...media streams from both directions enabled... | | | | | 200 OK | | | |<---------------| | | | SDP:m=..P_B.. | | | | c=IP_B | | | Figure 13: Policy rule establishment for UDP flows Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 55] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 User agent B decides to terminate the call and sends its `BYE' SIP message to user agent A. The SIP proxy forwards all SIP messages and terminates the group afterwards using a group lifetime change (GLC) transaction with a requested remaining lifetime of 0 seconds (see Figure 14). Termination of the group includes terminating all member policy rules. User Agent SIP Middlebox User Agent A Proxy NAPT B | | | | | BYE | BYE | |<---------------|<--------------------------------------------| | | | | | 200 OK | 200 OK | |--------------->|-------------------------------------------->| | | | | | | GLC GID1 0s | | | |*****************************>| | | |<*****************************| | | | GLC OK 0s | | | | | | ...both NAT bindings for the media streams are removed... Figure 14: Termination of Policy Rule Groups 5. Compliance with MIDCOM Requirements This section explains the compliance of the specified semantics with the MIDCOM requirements. It is structured according to [MDC-REQ]: - Compliance with Protocol Machinery Requirements (Section 5.1) - Compliance with Protocol Semantics Requirements (Section 5.2) - Compliance with Security Requirements (Section 5.3) The requirements are referred to using the section number they are defined in: "requirement x.y.z" refers to the requirement specified in section x.y.z of [MDC-REQ]. 5.1. Protocol Machinery Requirements 5.1.1. Authorized Association The specified semantics enable a MIDCOM agent to establish an authorized association between itself and the middlebox. The agent identifies itself by the authentication mechanism of the Session Establishment transaction described in Section 2.2.1. Based on this authentication the middlebox can make a determination as to whether or not the agent will be permitted to request a service. Thus, requirement 2.1.1 is met. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 56] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 5.1.2. Agent connects to Multiple Middleboxes As specified in Section 2.2, the MIDCOM protocol allows the agent to communicate with more than one middlebox simultaneously. The selection of a mechanism for separating different sessions is left to the concrete protocol definition. It must provide a clear mapping of protocol messages to open sessions. Then requirement 2.1.2 is met. 5.1.3. Multiple Agents connect to same Middlebox As specified in Section 2.2, the MIDCOM protocol allows the middlebox to communicate with more than one agent simultaneously. The selection of a mechanism for separating different sessions is left to the concrete protocol definition. It must provide a clear mapping of protocol messages to open sessions. Then requirement 2.1.3 is met. 5.1.4. Deterministic Behavior Section 2.1.2 states, that processing a request of an agent may not be interrupted by any request of the same or another agent. This provides atomicity among request transactions. This avoids race conditions resulting in an unpredictable behavior of the middlebox. Anyway, the behavior of the middlebox can only be predictable in the view of its administrators. In the view of an agent, the middlebox behavior is unpredictable, because the administrator can, for example at any time modify the authorization of the agent without the agent being able to observe this change. Consequently, the behavior of the middlebox is not necessarily deterministic from the point of view of any agent. Since predictability of the middlebox behavior is given for its administrator, requirement 2.1.4 is met. 5.1.5. Known and Stable State Section 2.1 states that request transactions are atomic with respect to each other and from the point of view of an agent. All transactions are defined clearly as state transitions that either leave the current stable and well defined state and enter a new stable and well defined one or that remain in the current stable and well defined state. Section 2.1 clearly demands that intermediate states are not stable and not reported to any agent. Furthermore, for each state transition a message is sent to the corresponding agent, either a reply or a notification. The agent can uniquely map each reply to one of the requests that it sent to the middlebox, because request agent-unique request identifiers are used for this purpose. Notifications are self-explanatory by their definition. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 57] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 Furthermore, the Group List transaction (Section 2.4.3), the Group Status transaction (Section 2.4.4), the Policy Rule List transaction (Section 2.3.11), and the Policy Rule Status transaction (Section 2.3.12) allow the agent at any time during a session to retrieve information about - all policy rule groups it may access, - the status and member policy rules of all accessible groups, - all policy rules it may access, - and the status of all accessible policy rules. Therefore, the agent is precisely informed about the state of the middlebox (as far as the services requested by the agent are affected) and requirement 2.1.5 is met. 5.1.6. Status Report As argued in the previous section, the middlebox unambiguously informs the agent about every state transition related to any of the services requested by the agent. Also the agent can at any time retrieve full status information about all accessible policy rules and policy rule groups. Thus, requirement 2.1.6 is met. 5.1.7. Unsolicited Messages (Asynchronous Notifications) The semantics include asynchronous notifications messages from the middlebox to the agent, including the Session Termination Notification message, the Policy Rule Event Notification (REN) message and the Group Event Notification (GEN) message (see Section 2.1.2). These notifications report every change of state of policy rules or policy rule groups, that was not explicitly requested by the agent. Thus, requirement 2.1.7 is met by the semantics specified above. 5.1.8. Mutual Authentication As specified in Section 2.2.1, the semantics require mutual authentication of agent and middlebox, either by using two subsequent Session Establishment transactions or by using mutual authentication provided on a lower protocol layer. Thus, requirement 2.1.8 is met. 5.1.9. Session Termination by any Party The semantics specification states in Section 2.2.2 that the agent may request session termination by generating the Session Termination request and that the middlebox may not reject this request. In turn, Section 2.2.3 states that the middlebox may send the Asynchronous Session Termination notification at any time and then terminate the session. Thus, requirement 2.1.9 is met. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 58] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 5.1.10. Request Result Section 2.1 states that each request of an agent is followed by a reply of the middlebox indicating either success of failure. Thus, requirement 2.2.10 is met. 5.1.11. Version Interworking Section 2.2.1 states that the agent need to specify the protocol version number which it is going to use during the session. The middlebox may accept this and act according to this protocol version or reject the session if it does not support this version. If the session setup gets rejected, the agent may try again with another version. Thus, requirement 2.2.11 is met. 5.1.12. Deterministic Handling of Overlapping Rules The only policy rule actions specified are 'reserve' and 'enable'. For firewalls, overlapping enable actions or reserve actions do not create any conflict, so a firewall will always accept overlapping rules as specified in Section 2.3.2 (assuming the required authorization is given). For NATs reserve and enable may conflict. If a conflicting request arrives, it is rejected, as stated in Section 2.3.2. If an overlapping request arrives that does not conflict with the ones it overlaps, it is accepted (assuming the required authorization is given). Therefore, the behavior of the middlebox in the presence of overlapping rules can be predicted deterministically, and requirement 2.1.12 is met. 5.2. Protocol Semantics Requirements 5.2.1. Extensible Syntax and Semantics Requirement 2.2.1 explicitly requests extensibility of protocol syntax. This needs to be addressed by the concrete protocol definition. The semantics specification is extensible anyway, because new transaction may be added. 5.2.2. Policy Rules for Different Types of Middleboxes Section 2.3 explains that the semantics use identical transactions for all middlebox types and that the same policy rule can be applied to all of them. Thus requirement 2.2.2 is met. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 59] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 5.2.3. Ruleset Groups The semantics explicitly supports grouping of policy rules and transactions on policy rule groups, as described in Section 2.4. The group transactions can be used for lifetime extension and termination of all policy rules being member of the particular group. Thus, requirement 2.2.3 is met. 5.2.4. Policy Rule Lifetime Extension The semantics include a transaction for explicit lifetime extension of policy rules, as described in Section 2.3.3. Thus requirement 2.2.4 is met. 5.2.5. Robust Failure Modes The state transitions at the middlebox are clearly specified and communicated to the agent. There is no intermediate state reached by a partial processing of a request. All requests are always processed completely, either successful or unsuccessful. All request transaction include a list of failure reasons. These failure reasons cover indication of invalid parameters where applicable. In case of failure one of the specified reasons is returned from the middlebox to the agent. Thus requirement 2.2.5 is met. 5.2.6. Failure Reasons The semantics include a failure reason parameter in each failure reply. Thus requirement 2.2.6 is met. 5.2.7. Multiple Agents Manipulating Same Policy Rule As specified in Sections 2.3 and 2.4, each installed policy rule and policy rule group has an owner, which is the authenticated agent that created the policy rule or group, respectively. The authenticated identity is input to authorization of access to policy rules and groups. If the middlebox is sufficiently configurable, its administrator can configure it such that one authenticated agent is authorized to access and modify policy rules and groups owned by another agent. Because specified semantics does not preclude this, it meets requirement 2.2.7. 5.2.8. Carrying Filtering Rules The Policy Enable Rule transaction specified in Section 2.3.8 can carry 5-tuple filtering rules. It meets requirement 2.2.8. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 60] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 5.2.9. Parity of Port Numbers As specified in Section 2.3.6, the agent is able to request keeping the port parity when reserving port numbers with the PRR transaction (see Section 2.3.8) and when establishing address bindings with the PER transaction (see Section 2.3.9). Thus requirement 2.2.9 is met. 5.2.10. Consecutive Range of Port Numbers As specified in Section 2.3.6, the agent is able to request a consecutive range of port numbers when reserving port numbers with the PRR transaction (see Section 2.3.8) and when establishing address bindings or pinholes with the PER transaction (see Section 2.3.9). Thus requirement 2.2.10 is met. 5.2.11. Contradicting Overlapping Policy Rules Requirement 2.2.11 is based on the assumption that contradicting policy rule actions, such as 'enable'/'allow' and 'disable'/'disallow' are supported. In conformance with decisions made by the working group after finalizing the requirements document, this requirement is not met by the semantics, because no 'disable'/'disallow' action is supported. 5.3. Security Requirements 5.3.1. Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity The semantics definition support mutual authentication of agent and middlebox in the Session Establishment transaction (Section 2.2.1). The use of an underlying protocol like TLS or IPsec is mandatory. Thus requirement 2.3.1 is met. 5.3.2. Optional Confidentiality of Control Messages The use of IPsec or TLS allows agent and middlebox to use an encryption method (including no encryption). Thus requirement 2.3.2 is met. 5.3.3. Operation across Un-trusted Domains Operation across untrusted domains is supported by mutual authentication and by the use of TLS or IPsec protection. Thus requirement 2.3.3 is met. 5.3.4. Mitigate Replay Attacks The specified semantics mitigates replay attacks and meets requirement 2.3.4 by requiring mutual authentication of agent and middlebox, and by mandating the use of TLS or IPsec protection. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 61] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 Further mitigation can be provided as part of a concrete MIDCOM protocol definition, for example by requiring consecutively increasing numbers for request identifiers. 6. Security Considerations The interaction between a middlebox and an agent is (see [MDC-FRM]) a very sensitive point with respect to security. The configuration of policy rules from a middlebox external entity appears to be contradicting the nature of a middlebox. Therefore, effective means have to be used to ensure: - mutual authentication between agent and middlebox - authorization - message integrity - message confidentiality The semantics define a mechanism to ensure mutual authentication between agent and middlebox (see section 2.2.1). In combination with the authentication, the middlebox is able to decide whether an agent is authorized to request an action at the middlebox or not. The semantics rely on underlying protocols, like TLS or IPsec, to keep the message integrity and confidentiality of the transferred data between both entities. For the TLS and IPsec use, both sides must use securely-configured credentials for authentication and authorization. The configuration of policy rules with wildcarded IP addresses and port numbers results in certain risks, like opening too much wildcarded policy rules. A too much wildcarded policy rule is A0 and A3 with IP address set to 'any' IP address for instance. This type of pin-hole would render the middlebox, in the sense of security, useless, since any packet can traverse the middlebox without further checking. The local policy of the middlebox should reject such policy rule enable requests. A reasonable default configuration for wildcarding would be that only one port number may be wildcarded and all IP addresses must be set without wildcarding. However, there are some cases where security needs to be balanced with functionality. The example described in Section 4.2 shows how SIP-signaled calls can be served in a secure way without wildcarding IP addresses. But some SIP-signaled applications make use of early media (see Section 5.5 of [RFC3398]). For receiving early media, the middleboxes need to be configured before the second participant in a session is known. Since it is not known, the IP address of the second participant needs to be wildcarded. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 62] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 In such cases and in several similar cases, there is a security policy decision to be made by the middlebox operator. The operator can configure the middlebox such that it supports more functionality, for example, by allowing wildcarded IP addresses, or the operator can configure the middlebox such that network operation is more secure, for example, by disallowing wildcarded IP addresses. 7. IAB Considerations on UNSAF UNilateral Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF) is described in [RFC3424] as process at originating endpoints that attempt to determine or fix the address (and port) by which it is known to another endpoint. UNSAF proposals, like STUN [RFC3489], are considered as a general class of workarounds for NAT traversal and as solutions for scenarios with no middlebox communication (MIDCOM). This document describes the protocol semantics for such a middlebox communication (MIDCOM) solution. MIDCOM is not intended as short term workaround, but more as long term solution for middlebox communication. In MIDCOM, endpoints are not involved in allocating, maintaining, and deleting addresses and ports at the middlebox. The full control of addresses and ports at the middlebox is located at the MIDCOM server. Therefore, this document addresses the UNSAF considerations in [RFC3424] by proposing a longterm alternative solution. 8. Acknowledgments We like to thank all the people contributing to the semantics discussion on the mailing list for a lot of valuable comments. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [MDC-FRM] Srisuresh, P., Kuthan, J., Rosenberg, J., Molitor, A., Rayhan, A., "Middlebox Communication Architecture and Framework", RFC 3303, August 2002 [MDC-REQ] Swale, R.P., Mart, P.A., Sijben, P., Brimm, S., Shore, M., "Middlebox Control (MIDCOM) Protocol Architecture and Requirements", RFC 3304, August 2002 [NAT-TERM] Srisuresh,P., and Holdrege, M., "IP Network Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations", RFC 2663, August 1999. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 63] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 [NAT-TRAD] Srisuresh,P., and Egevang, K., "Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January 2001 9.2. Informative References [RFC2246] Dierks, T., Allen, C., "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999. [RFC2402] Kent, S., and Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 2402, November 1998. [RFC2406] Kent, S., and Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998. [RFC3198] Westerinen, A. et al., "Terminology for Policy-Based Management", RFC 3198, November 2001. [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J. et al., "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002. [RFC3398] Camarillo, G. et al., "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) to Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Mapping", RFC 3398, Decembe 2002. [RFC3424] Daigle, L., "IAB Considerations for UNilateral Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF) Across Network Address Translation", RFC 3424, November 2002. [RFC3489] Rosenberg, J., et al., "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC 3489, March 2003. 10. Authors' Addresses Martin Stiemerling NEC Europe Ltd. Network Laboratories Kurfuersten-Anlage 36 69115 Heidelberg Germany Phone: +49 6221 90511-13 Email: stiemerling@netlab.nec.de Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 64] Internet-Draft MIDCOM Protocol Semantics June 2004 Juergen Quittek NEC Europe Ltd. Network Laboratories Kurfuersten-Anlage 36 69115 Heidelberg Germany Phone: +49 6221 90511-15 EMail: quittek@netlab.nec.de Tom Taylor Nortel Networks 1852 Lorraine Ave. Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1H 6Z8 Phone: +1 613 736 0961 Email: taylor@nortelnetworks.com 11. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Stiemerling, Quittek, Taylor [Page 65]